Table 1.
Showing the molecular markers used in gastric cancer pharmacogenomics
| Marker type | Name | Drug predicted | Predicted drug effect |
| Genetic markers | 13 gene signature[48] | 5-FU | Sensitivity or resistance to 5-FU |
| Genetic markers | MRP4[49] | Cisplatin | DDP resistance |
| Genetic markers | Metallothionein-IG and HBEGF[25] | Cisplatin | DDP resistance |
| Genetic markers | Dihydropyrimidine | 5-FU | 5-FU resistance |
| Dehydrogenase and HB-EGF-like growth factor genes[25] | |||
| Genetic markers | Panel of genes[26] | Doxorubicin | Predicts response to chemotherapy |
| Genetic markers | Dihydropyrimidine | 5-FU | 5-FU resistance |
| Dehydrogenase and HB-EGF-like growth factor genes[25] | |||
| Genetic markers | TP53 codon 72 polymorphism[50] | Paclitaxel and cisplatin | Certain genotypes predict response to combination therapy |
| lncRNA | lncRNA MRUL[36] | Multiple chemotherapeutic drugs | Multidrug resistance |
| Epigenetic Markers | Methylation BMP4[38] | Cisplatin | High expression predicts resistance to the drug |
| Epigenetic Markers | Promoter methylation of RPRM[39] | CDDP and 5-FU | Prediction of response to treatment |
| Epigenetic markers | Methylation of BNIP3 and DAPK[37] | Fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy | Methylation predicts lower response to chemotherapy |
| miRNA | miRNA27a[34] | Fluoropyrimidine combined with oxaliplatin or paclitaxil | Prediction of response to treatment |
| MicroRNA | 58 signature mi-RNA; among them: let-7g, miR-342, miR-16, miR-181, miR-1, and miR-34[33] | Cisplatin and 5-FU | Chemotherapeutic response |
| Protein markers | Thymidylate synthetase (TS) and Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD)[27,40] | 5-FU | Correlation with tumor sensitivity to 5-FU |
| Serum protein | AMBP[41] | paclitaxel–capecitabine | Predicts response to chemotherapy |
| Tissue protein | FOXM1[43] | Docetaxel | Resistance to Docetaxel |
| Transcription factor | |||
| Protein markers | Ribosomal proteins S13 and L23[47] | vincristine, adriamycin, and 5-FU | Multidrug resistance by inhibition of chemotherapy related cell death and detoxification system |
| Serum protein (ELISA) | REG4[42] | 5-FU | Resistance to 5-FU containing regimens |
| Protein markers | Class III β tubulin serum level[45,46] | Paclitaxel plus capecitabine | Prediction of response to treatment |
MRP4: Multi drug resistance protein 4; HBEGF: Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor; DDP: Dihydropyrimidine; MRUL: MDR-related and upregulated lncRNA; CDDP: Cisplatin; DAPK: Death-associated protein kinase; AMBP: Alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor; foxm1: Forkhead box protein M1; REG4: Regenerating family member 4; 5-FU: 5-fluorouracil.