Table 2.
Drug name | Type | Molecular effect | Primary cancer which it is used | Effect on gastric cancer in studies |
Trastuzumab[17] | Fully humanized monoclonal antibody | Anti-HER-2 receptor protein | Breast cancer | Effective |
First approved molecular therapy | ||||
Sunitinib[17] | Oral multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor | Anti- VEGF, PDGF and KIT receptors | Gastrintestinal stromal tumors, renal cell carcinoma and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors | Limited therapeutic effect |
Bevacizumab[131,132] | Fully humanized monoclonal antibody | Anti-VEGF | Colorectal cancer, non small cell lung cancer and breast cancer | Gives better survival in peritoneal metastatic disease or combined with anti-HER-2 therapy |
Lapatinib[17] | Oral dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor | Anti-EGFR and HER-2 | HER-2 positive advanced breast cancer | Not effective |
Everolimus[17] | Oral mTOR inhibitor | Anti-intracellular receptor FKBP12 | Renal cancer | Effective in advanced gastric cancer |
Ramucirumab[17] | Fully humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody | Anti-VEGFR-2 | Gastric and lung cancer | Effective approved |
Cetuximab[17] | Monoclonal IgG antibody | Anti-EGFR | Colorectal cancer | Not effective |
Panitumumab[17] | Fully humanized IgG2 monoclonal antibody | Anti-EGFR | Advanced colorectal cancer | Not effective |
Gefitinib[133] | Tyrosine kinase inhibitor | Anti- EGFR | EGFR mutation positive lung cancer | Not effective |
Matuzumab[134] | Fully humanized monoclonal antibody | Anti-EGFR | Not yet approved in any other indication | Moderately effective |
Tivantinib[94] | Tyrosine kinase inhibitor | Selective c-Met inhibitor | Not yet approved in any other indication | moderately effective |
Onartuzumab[135] | Fully humanized monoclonal antibody | Anti-extracellulardomain of the tyrosine kinase receptor MET | Not yet approved in any other indication | Not effective |
Regorafenib[73] | Tyrosine kinase inhibitor | Anti-angiogenic factor | Gastrointestinal stromal tumors | Found effective when tested on xenograft model with GC |
Pembrolizumab[100] | Monoclonal antibody | PD-1 inhibitor | Advanced melanoma, advanced lung cancer | Promising phase IB results. |
Phase III results are awaited | ||||
Apatinib[72] | Tyrosine kinase inhibitor | Multikinase inhibitor | Not yet approved in any other indication | Shown to be effective in a phase III Chinese study |
VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; PDGF: Platelet-drived growth factor; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; VEGFR: VEGF receptor; MET: Mesenchymal epithelial transition; PD-1: Programmed cell death protein-1.