. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jul 18.

Published in final edited form as: CNS Spectr. 2013 May 10;19(1):10–20. doi: 10.1017/S1092852913000266

Table 1.

Evidence regarding the relationship between delusional BDD and nondelusional BDD: antecedent validators

Study core features	Sample size	Results for comparisons of delusional vs nondelusional BDD subjects
*Familial aggregation*
Cross-sectional data from a broadly ascertained (clinical and nonclinical) sample of 191 individuals with BDD.³² Family history of BDD was obtained for 188 subjects and their 827 first-degree relatives using the family history method (making probable diagnoses) and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV - Non-Patient Version (SCID-I/NP).	n=67 delusional BDD (306 first-degree relatives) n=121 nondelusional BDD (522 first-degree relatives)	No significant differences in the proportion of first-degree relatives with probable BDD.
Data for selected other Axis I disorders were obtained for the first 98 subjects enrolled in the study and their 464 first-degree relatives.	n=36 delusional BDD (179 first-degree relatives) n=62 nondelusional BDD (285 first-degree relatives)	No significant differences in any other Axis I disorder assessed.
*Socio-demographic factors*
Cross-sectional data from a broadly ascertained (clinical and nonclinical) sample of individuals with BDD.³²	n=68 delusional BDD n=123 nondelusional BDD	No significant differences in age, gender, race, ethnicity, marital status, employment status, occupational level, or living situation. Delusional subjects had lower educational attainment, which remained significant after controlling for BDD severity.
Cross-sectional data from a treatment-seeking clinical sample of individuals with BDD.¹⁶	n=52 delusional BDD n=48 nondelusional BDD	No significant differences in age, gender, marital status, employment status, or living situation.
Cross-sectional data from a treatment-seeking clinical sample of individuals with BDD.¹⁵	n=39 delusional BDD n=26 nondelusional BDD	No significant differences in age, marital status, or employment status (full- or part-time). Delusional subjects were more likely to be male and unemployed.
*Environmental risk factors*
Cross-sectional data from a broadly ascertained (clinical and nonclinical) sample of individuals with BDD.³³	n =26 delusional BDD n=46 nondelusional BDD	Delusional and nondelusional subjects did not significantly differ in total score on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire³⁴ or in terms of the proportion who had experienced emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, or physical neglect.