Table 2.

Evidence regarding the relationship between delusional BDD and nondelusional BDD: concurrent validators

Study design	Sample size	Results for comparisons of delusional vs nondelusional BDD subjects
BDD symptoms
Cross-sectional data from a broadly ascertained (clinical and nonclinical) sample of individuals with BDD.32	n =68 delusional BDD n=123 nondelusional BDD	No significant differences in number of body areas of concern or number of BDD-related compulsive behaviors. Delusional subjects had greater severity of current BDD symptoms on the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Modified for BDD (BDD-YBOCS).35 The two groups differed at a trend level on a second BDD severity measure and did not significantly differ on a third BDD severity measure.
Cross-sectional data from a treatment-seeking clinical sample of individuals with BDD.16	n =52 delusional BDD n =48 nondelusional BDD	No significant differences in number of body areas of concern, proportion with BDD-related ideas or delusions of reference, or BDD-related compulsive behaviors. Delusional subjects had greater severity of BDD symptoms on the BDD-YBOCS, but this difference was no longer significant when a Bonferroni correction was applied.
Cross-sectional data from a treatment-seeking clinical sample of individuals with BDD.15	n =39 delusional BDD n =26 nondelusional BDD	No significant differences in number of body areas of concern. Delusional subjects had more severe BDD symptoms on the BDD-YBOCS and on two other measures of BDD severity.
Co-occurring symptomatology
Cross-sectional data from a broadly ascertained (clinical and nonclinical) sample of individuals with BDD.32	n =68 delusional BDD n=123 nondelusional BDD	No significant differences in terms of current severity of depressive symptoms (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression total score).36
Cross-sectional data from a treatment-seeking clinical sample of individuals with BDD.15	n =39 delusional BDD n=26 nondelusional BDD	after controlling for BDD severity. Delusional subjects had more severe depressive symptoms on the Zung Depression Scale37 and more severe social anxiety on the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale,38 but these differences were not statistically significant
Suicidality
Cross-sectional data from a broadly ascertained (clinical and nonclinical) sample of individuals with BDD.32	n =68 delusional BDD n=123 nondelusional BDD	No significant differences in rates of suicidal ideation or suicidal ideation attributed primarily to BDD. A significantly higher proportion of delusional subjects had attempted suicide and had attempted suicide primarily because of BDD, but these differences were no longer significant after controlling for BDD severity.
Cross-sectional data from a treatment-seeking clinical sample of individuals with BDD.16	n =52 delusional BDD n=48 nondelusional BDD	No significant differences in rates of suicidal ideation attributed primarily to BDD, suicide attempts, or suicide attempts attributed primarily to BDD.
Functional impairment and quality of life
Cross-sectional data from a broadly ascertained (clinical and nonclinical) sample of individuals with BDD.32	n =68 delusional BDD n=123 nondelusional BDD	No significant differences on 16 psychosocial functioning and quality of life scales or items, including history of psychiatric hospitalization and psychiatric hospitalization primarily for BDD. Delusional subjects had poorer scores on the Social Adjustment Scale-Self Report39 and the Social Functioning subscale of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-3640); however, these differences were no longer significant after controlling for BDD severity.
Cross-sectional data from a treatment-seeking clinical sample of individuals with BDD.16	n =52 delusional subjects n=48 nondelusional subjects	Delusional and nondelusional subjects significantly differed on one of five psychosocial functioning items. A higher proportion of delusional subjects had experienced significant impairment in work or academic performance due to BDD, but this difference was not found when a Bonferroni correction was applied.
Cross-sectional data from a treatment-seeking clinical sample of individuals with BDD.15	n =39 delusional BDD n=26 nondelusional BDD	No significant differences on three psychosocial functioning items.
Cross-sectional data from a treatment-seeking clinical sample of individuals with BDD.41	n=62 BDD (proportion of delusional vs non-delusional subjects not reported)	Delusional subjects had significantly lower scores than nondelusional subjects on three of eight subscales of the SF-36 (mental health, social functioning, and general health). However, analyses did not control for BDD severity, which was significantly correlated with scores on two of these three scales.
Cognitive, emotional, temperament, and personality correlates
Cross-sectional data from a broadly (clinical and nonclinical) ascertained sample of individuals with BDD.32	n=68 delusional BDD n=123 nondelusional BDD	No significant differences in terms of comorbid personality disorders or the mean number of Axis II disorders.
Cross-sectional data from a broadly ascertained (clinical and nonclinical) sample of individuals with BDD.42	n=29 delusional BDD n=151 nondelusional BDD	No significant differences in total scores on the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-64).43, a
Cross-sectional data from a treatment-seeking clinical sample of individuals with BDD (Phillips KA, unpublished data)	n=27 delusional BDD n=35 nondelusional BDD	No significant differences in terms of neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, or conscientiousness on the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI).44
Patterns of comorbidity
Cross-sectional data from a broadly ascertained (clinical and nonclinical) sample of individuals with BDD.32	n=68 delusional BDD n=123 nondelusional BDD	No significant differences in any lifetime Axis I comorbidity except that a higher proportion of delusional subjects had lifetime drug abuse or dependence; this difference was no longer significant after controlling for BDD severity. The two groups also did not significantly differ in the mean number of Axis I disorders.
Cross-sectional data from a treatment-seeking clinical sample of individuals with BDD.16	n=52 delusional BDD n=48 nondelusional BDD	No significant differences in any lifetime Axis I comorbidity.
Cross-sectional data from a treatment-seeking clinical sample of individuals with BDD.33	n=39 delusional BDD n=26 nondelusional BDD	No significant differences in any lifetime Axis I comorbidity.

^aIIP-64 subscales are domineering/controlling, vindictive/self-centered, cold/distant, socially inhibited, nonassertive, overly accommodating, self-sacrificing, and intrusive/needy.