Table 3. Associations of measures of socioeconomic position (SEP) and subclinical disease in the Jackson Heart Study.
| LVH (OR, 95% CI) | PAD (OR, 95% CI) | CAC (PR, 95% CI) | CIMT (β coefficient, SE) d | ||||||||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||
| Childhood SEP | |||||||||||||
| Material Resources (Referent: Low) | |||||||||||||
| Medium | 1.53 a (1.05,2.22) | .84 (.42,1.69) | .95 (.42,2.16) | .81 (.57,1.16) | .72 (.38,1.40) | .74 (.36,1.54) | 1.05 (.91,1.21) | 1.02 (.80,1.30) | .95 (.73,1.24) | 12.9 (6.3) a | 21.9 (9.9) a | 20.6 (10.4) a | |
| High | 1.71 (.97,3.02) | 1.43 (.55,3.72) | 1.29 (.42,3.93) | .97 (.55,1.73) | .81 (.32,2.04) | .75 (.27,2.11) | .93 (.73,1.18) | 1.01 (.71,1.45) | .94 (.63,1.40) | 22.9 (8.9) b | 29.9 (12.7) b | 31.5 (13.4) a | |
| P for trend | .07 | .36 | .78 | .44 | .62 | .73 | .43 | .98 | .93 | .03 | .05 | .06 | |
| Mother’s Education (Referent: < HS) | |||||||||||||
| HS graduate to some college | .83 (.54,1.26) | .67 (.31,1.43) | .75 (.32,1.76) | .95 (.63,1.45) | .89 (.45,1.78) | 1.14 (.53,2.45) | .98 (.83,1.16) | .94 (.72,1.21) | .94 (.77,1.15) | 6.49 (6.2) | .32 (8.7) | -3.35 (9.0) | |
| ≥College 4 years | 0.71 (.43,1.16) | .56 (.25,1.30) | .56 (.21,1.46) | .90 (.56,1.44) | .56 (.25,1.23) | .75 (.33,1.72) | .95 (.79,1.15) | 1.05 (.82,1.35) | 1.06 (.89,1.28) | -5.07 (6.7) | -8.28 (8.7) | -6.14 (9.1) | |
| P for trend | .34 | .32 | .47 | .90 | .35 | .66 | .88 | .75 | .77 | .26 | .55 | .79 | |
| Adult SEP | |||||||||||||
| Education (Referent: < HS) | |||||||||||||
| HS graduate to some college | .88 (.61,1.29) | .64 (.30,1.36) | .84 (.32,2.15) | .43 c (.30,.62) | .45 a (.23,.87) | .28 c (.13,0.58) | 1.04 (.88,1.22) | 1.02 (.77,1.36) | 1.00 (.73,1.38) | -20.8 (6.7) b | -24.0 (11.0) a | -37.8 (12.0) b | |
| ≥College 4 years | .67 a (.45,.99) | .53 (.25,1.12) | .70 (.28,1.74) | .49 c (.35,.70) | .36 b (.18,.71) | .27 c (.13,0.56) | .98 (.83,1.15) | .98 (.74,1.30) | .98 (.72,1.35) | -27.7 (6.7) c | -20.0 (10.9) | -29.7 (11.9) a | |
| P for trend | .10 | .25 | .72 | <.001 | .01 | <.001 | .65 | .93 | .98 | <.001 | .093 | .007 | |
| Family Income (Referent: < $25K) | |||||||||||||
| $25,000-49,999 | .72 (.49,1.04) | .87 (.45,1.67) | 1.02 (.47,2.23) | .97 (.68,1.38) | .81 (.41,1.60) | .78 (.37,1.66) | 1.04 (.89,1.22) | .99 (.75,1.30) | .90 (.67,1.23) | -9.54 (6.3) | -9.07 (9.6) | -3.81 (9.9) | |
| ≥$50,000 | .54 b (.37,.79) | .49 a (.25,.96) | .65 (.30,1.44) | .54 b (.36,.81) | .57 (.29,1.10) | .71 (.35,1.45) | .97 (.83,1.13) | 1.02 (.79,1.32) | 1.02 (.77,1.35) | -11.4 (6.0) | .46 (8.8) | 6.6 (9.2) | |
| P for trend | .01 | .09 | .44 | .01 | .24 | .63 | .64 | .96 | .65 | .13 | .48 | .47 | |
SEP, socioeconomic position; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; CAC, coronary artery calcification; CIMT, carotid intima media thickness; OR, odds ratio; PR, prevalence ratio; CI, confidence interval; SE, standard error; HS, high school.
Model 1 adjusts for age and sex; model 2 adjusts for model 1 plus health behaviors (alcohol, smoking, physical activity, and calories from fat); model 3 adjusts for model 2 plus CVD risk factors (BMI, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia).
a. P<.05.
b. P<.01.
c. P<.001.
d. µm.