Table 2.

Molecules that are regulated by dynamic/static tension or compression of high/hyperphysiologic magnitudes

Molecule	Experimental system	Up/down regulation	CF/TF	References
ADAMTS 4/5	C, EC	Up	CF	[27,46,47,52]
Aggrecan	C, F, EC, in vivo	Down	CF/TF/in vivo	[8,27,33,67,68]
Collagen II	C, EC, in vivo	Down	CF	[10,25,27,52,67,68]
COX-2	C, F, EC, in vivo	Up	CF/TF	[22,23]
IL-1β	C, F, EC, in vivo	Up	CF/TF/in vivo	[46,60,65]
iNOS/NO	C, F, EC,	Up	CF/TF	[23,24]
MMP-1	C, F, EC, in vivo	Up	CF/TF
MMP-3	C, F, CE	Up	TF/in vivo	[16,27,31,46,52,65]
MMP-9	C	Up	TF/in vivo	[52]
MMP-13	C	Up	CF/TF	[16,65]
Proteoglycan	C, F, EC, in vivo	Down	CF/TF/in vivo	[25,27,33,52,55,60,65,66,69]
TIMP I/II	EC		CF	[27,46]

Abbreviations: C, chondrocytes; CE, cartilage explants; CF, compressive forces; F, fibrochondrocytes; TF, tensile forces.