Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by presence or absence of CAC progression.
| Characteristics | Total (n = 252) | CAC Stable (n = 199) | CAC Progressed† (n = 53) | p-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at baseline (years) | 51.2 (2.6) | 51.1 (2.6) | 51.7 (2.9) | 0.2 |
| Site | 0.6 | |||
| Chicago | 102 (40.5%) | 79 (39.7%) | 23 (43.4%) | |
| Pittsburgh | 150 (59.5%) | 120 (60.3%) | 30 (56.6%) | |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.6 | |||
| Black | 82 (32.5%) | 63 (31.7%) | 19 (35.9%) | |
| White | 170 (67.5%) | 136 (68.3%) | 34 (64.2%) | |
| Menopausal status | 0.1 | |||
| Pre- and early perimenopausal | 142 (56.4%) | 113 (56.8%) | 29 (54.7%) | |
| Late peri- and post-menopausal | 77 (30.6%) | 56 (28.1%) | 21 (39.6%) | |
| Hormone therapy user | 33 (13.1%) | 30 (15.1%) | 3 (5.7%) | |
| Income | 0.7 | |||
| <$50,000 | 82 (32.7%) | 65 (32.7%) | 17 (32.7%) | |
| $50,000-<$100,000 | 96 (38.3%) | 74 (37.2%) | 22 (42.3%) | |
| ≥$100,000 | 73 (29.1%) | 60 (30.2%) | 13 (25.0%) | |
| Education | 0.5 | |||
| High school or less | 41 (16.3%) | 32 (16.1%) | 9 (17.0%) | |
| Some college or college | 133 (52.8%) | 102 (51.3%) | 31 (58.5%) | |
| Graduate | 78 (31.0%) | 65 (32.7%) | 13 (24.5%) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 117.1 (15.8) | 116.0 (15.8) | 121.4 (14.8) | 0.009 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.4 (6.5) | 28.8 (6.4) | 31.4 (6.7) | 0.008 |
| High density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 57.2 (13.4) | 58.3 (13.6) | 53.4 (11.7) | 0.02 |
| Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 119.3 (34.4) | 116.8 (33.2) | 128.5 (37.5) | 0.08 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 98.0 (74.0, 136.5) | 97.0 (73.0, 133.0) | 105.0 (76.0,170.0) | 0.1 |
| Cardiovascular medication use | 56 (22.2%) | 40 (20.1%) | 16 (30.2%) | 0.1 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 9 (3.6%) | 4 (2.0%) | 5 (9.4%) | 0.01 |
| Family history of cardiovascular disease | 166 (65.9%) | 132 (66.3%) | 34 (64.2%) | 0.8 |
| Current smoker | 30 (11.9%) | 22 (11.1%) | 8 (15.1%) | 0.4 |
| Homeostasis Model Assessment | 1.9 (1.5, 3.1) | 1.8 (1.4, 2.9) | 2.4 (1.5, 3.9) | 0.05 |
| Baseline coronary artery calcium (U) | 0 (0, 7.2) | 0 (0, 5.8) | 0 (0, 31.2) | 0.2 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 2.1 (1.0, 5.9) | 2.1 (1.0, 5.9) | 2.5 (1.3, 5.6) | 0.5 |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 273 (242, 312) | 273 (238, 316) | 279 (247, 300) | 0.7 |
| Plasminogen-activator inhibitor 1 (ng/mL) | 13.0 (7.2, 23.5) | 12.0 (6.6, 21.8) | 20.2 (10.0, 52.0) | 0.0004 |
| Tissue plasminogen activator antigen (ng/mL) | 6.6 (5.0, 9.4) | 6.6 (4.7, 9.2) | 6.8 (5.8, 10.1) | 0.06 |
| Factor VIIc (%) | 120 (102, 137) | 115 (98, 134) | 123 (110, 140) | 0.03 |
Continuous variables presented as mean with standard deviation in parenthesis or median with first and third quartiles in parenthesis. Categorical variables presented as number with percent in parenthesis.
*
p-value for CAC groups - Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables; χ 2 test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables
†
CAC progression: any CAC for baseline CAC=0, ≥10 for 0<baseline CAC<100, ≥10% for baseline CAC≥100
CAC = coronary artery calcium