Table 3.
Univariate analysis of factors associated with IPIs among the Temuan and Mah Meri sub-ethnic groups
| Risk factors | Total (n = 186) | Temuan (n = 106) | Mah Meri (n = 80) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. examined | Infected, n(%) | OR (95 % CI) | P-value | No. examined | Infected, n(%) | OR (95 % CI) | P-Value | No. examined | Infected, n(%) | OR (95 % CI) | P-Value | |
| Demographic factors | ||||||||||||
| Sub-ethnic group | ||||||||||||
| Temuan | 106 | 81 (76.4) | 1.24 (0.61–2.51) | 0.559 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Mah Meri | 80 | 64 (80.0) | 1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
| Age | ||||||||||||
| < 15 years | 63 | 52 (82.5) | 0.66 (0.30–1.42) | 0.281 | 43 | 34 (79.1) | 0.78 (0.31–1.97) | 0.595 | 20 | 18 (90.0) | 0.37 (0.08–1.77) | 0.197 |
| ≥ 15 years | 123 | 93 (75.6) | 1 | 63 | 47 (74.6) | 1 | 60 | 46 (76.7) | 1 | |||
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Female | 107 | 84 (78.5) | 1.08 (0.54–2.17) | 63 | 47 (74.6) | 0.78 (0.31–1.97) | 44 | 37 (84.1) | 1.76 (0.58–5.32) | |||
| Male | 79 | 61 (77.2) | 1 | 0.834 | 43 | 34 (79.1) | 1 | 0.595 | 36 | 27 (75.0) | 1 | 0.312 |
| Family size | ||||||||||||
| ≥ 5 members | 120 | 98 (81.7) | 1.80 (0.89–3.65) | 73 | 62 (84.9) | 4.15 (1.62–10.66) | 47 | 36 (76.6) | 0.58 (0.18–1.88) | |||
| < 5 members | 66 | 47 (71.2) | 1 | 0.100 | 33 | 19 (57.6) | 1 | 0.002 | 33 | 28 (84.4) | 1 | 0.364 |
| Socio-economic factors | ||||||||||||
| Education attainment | ||||||||||||
| Informal education | 34 | 27 (79.4) | 1.11 (0.45–2.77) | 0.821 | 24 | 18 (75.0) | 0.91 (0.31–2.60) | 0.853 | 10 | 9 (90.0) | 2.46 (0.29–20.93) | 0.398 |
| Formal education | 152 | 118 (77.6) | 1 | 82 | 63 (76.8) | 1 | 70 | 55 (78.6) | 1 | |||
| Monthly household income | ||||||||||||
| < RM750 | 132 | 108 (81.8) | 2.07 (1.00–4.27) | 0.047 | 62 | 50 (80.6) | 1.75 (0.71–4.31) | 0.223 | 70 | 58 (82.9) | 3.22 (0.79–13.19) | 0.091 |
| ≥ RM750 | 54 | 37 (68.5) | 1 | 44 | 31 (70.5) | 1 | 10 | 6 (60.0) | 1 | |||
| Employment status | ||||||||||||
| Unemployed | 131 | 106 (80.9) | 1.74 (0.84–3.60) | 0.133 | 76 | 58 (76.3) | 0.98 (0.36–2.66) | 0.969 | 55 | 48 (87.3) | 3.86 (1.24–12.04) | 0.016 |
| Employed | 55 | 39 (70.9) | 1 | 30 | 23 (76.7) | 1 | 25 | 16 (64.0) | 1 | |||
| Presence of toilets | ||||||||||||
| No | 35 | 33 (94.3) | 5.75 (1.32–25.07) | 0.010 | 21 | 19 (90.5) | 3.52 (0.76–16.33) | 0.090 | 14 | 14 (100.0) | N/A | N/A |
| Yes | 151 | 112 (74.2) | 1 | 85 | 62 (72.9) | 1 | 66 | 50 (75.8) | ||||
| Water source | ||||||||||||
| Untreated water source | 47 | 44 (93.6) | 5.52 (1.62–18.83) | 0.003 | 30 | 27 (90.0) | 3.67 (1.01–13.34) | 0.038 | 17 | 17 (100.0) | N/A | N/A |
| Treated water source | 139 | 101 (72.7) | 1 | 76 | 54 (71.1) | 1 | 63 | 47 (74.6) | ||||
| Presence of domestic animals | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 113 | 84 (74.3) | 0.57 (0.27–1.21) | 0.138 | 69 | 49 (71.0) | 0.38 (0.13–1.12) | 0.074 | 44 | 35 (79.5) | 0.94 (0.31–2.83) | 0.911 |
| No | 73 | 61 (83.6) | 1 | 37 | 32 (86.5) | 1 | 36 | 29 (80.6) | 1 | |||
| Personal hygiene factors | ||||||||||||
| Boiling water before drinking | ||||||||||||
| No | 60 | 53 (88.3) | 2.80 (1.16–6.75) | 0.018 | 33 | 31 (93.9) | 7.13 (1.57–32.37) | 0.004 | 27 | 22 (81.5) | 1.15 (0.36–3.74) | 0.813 |
| Yes | 126 | 92 (73.0) | 1 | 73 | 50 (68.5) | 1 | 53 | 42 (79.2) | 1 | |||
| Eating with bare hands | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 173 | 134 (77.5) | 0.63 (0.13–2.94) | 0.548 | 98 | 74 (75.5) | 0.44 (0.05–3.76) | 0.442 | 75 | 60 (80.0) | 1.00 (0.10–9.61) | 1.000 |
| No | 13 | 11 (84.6) | 1 | 8 | 7 (87.5) | 1 | 5 | 4 (80.0) | 1 | |||
| Wearing shoes outside | ||||||||||||
| No | 48 | 46 (95.8) | 9.06 (2.10–39.15) | 0.001 | 26 | 26 (100.0) | N/A | N/A | 22 | 20 (90.9) | 3.18 (0.66–15.34) | 0.133 |
| Yes | 138 | 99 (71.7) | 1 | 80 | 55 (68.8) | 58 | 44 (75.9) | 1 | ||||
| Washing hands after contact with soil | ||||||||||||
| No | 52 | 47 (90.4) | 3.45 (1.27–9.37) | 0.011 | 21 | 21 (100.0) | N/A | N/A | 31 | 26 (83.9) | 1.51 (0.47–4.85) | 0.491 |
| Yes | 134 | 98 (73.1) | 1 | 85 | 60 (70.5) | 49 | 38 (77.6) | 1 | ||||
| Washing hands before eating | ||||||||||||
| No | 49 | 45 (91.8) | 4.16 (1.40–12.38) | 0.006 | 20 | 20 (100.0) | N/A | N/A | 29 | 25 (86.2) | 1.92 (0.56–6.63) | 0.295 |
| Yes | 137 | 100 (73.0) | 1 | 86 | 61 (70.9) | 51 | 39 (76.5) | 1 | ||||
| Washing hands before cooking | ||||||||||||
| No | 34 | 30 (88.2) | 2.41 (0.80–7.30) | 0.110 | 14 | 14 (100.0) | N/A | N/A | 20 | 16 (80.0) | 1.00 (0.28–3.54) | 1.000 |
| Yes | 152 | 115 (75.7) | 1 | 92 | 67 (72.8) | 60 | 48 (80.0) | 1 | ||||
| Washing hands after defecation | ||||||||||||
| No | 60 | 56 (93.3) | 5.82 (1.97–17.21) | 0.000 | 27 | 27 (100.0) | N/A | N/A | 33 | 29 (87.9) | 2.49 (0.72–8.54) | 0.140 |
| Yes | 126 | 89 (70.6) | 1 | 79 | 54 (68.4) | 47 | 35 (74.5) | 1 | ||||
| Washing hands after having contact with animals | ||||||||||||
| No | 37 | 32 (86.5) | 2.04 (0.74–5.62) | 0.162 | 14 | 13 (92.9) | 4.59 (0.57–36.97) | 0.120 | 23 | 19 (82.6) | 1.27 (0.36–4.43) | 0.711 |
| Yes | 149 | 113 (75.8) | 1 | 92 | 68 (73.9) | 1 | 57 | 45 (78.9) | 1 | |||
| Consumption of anthelmintic drugs in the past 12 months | ||||||||||||
| No | 141 | 112 (79.4) | 1.40 (0.65–3.05) | 0.390 | 69 | 53 (76.8) | 1.07 (0.42–2.72) | 0.896 | 72 | 59 (81.9) | 2.27 (0.58–12.86) | 0.192 |
| Yes | 45 | 33 (73.3) | 1 | 37 | 28 (75.7) | 1 | 8 | 5 (62.5) | 1 | |||