Table 4.

Multivariate analysis of risk factors associated with parasitic infections among indigenous communities

Risk factors	Adjusted OR	95 % CI	P-value of Full model	P-value of Forward selection model
A) Overall
Demographic factor
Family size (≥5 members)	1.55	0.68–3.57	0.300
Socio-economic factors
Monthly household income (<RM750)	1.54	0.66–3.57	0.318
Unemployed	1.18	0.50–2.82	0.703
Without toilet	3.79	0.67–21.36	0.132
Untreated water source	3.66	0.92–14.53	0.066	0.007*
Presence of domestic animals	0.97	0.38–2.48	0.955
Personal hygiene factors
Not boiling water before consumption	1.60	0.57–4.46	0.372
Not wearing shoes outside of home	6.09	1.04–35.71	0.045	0.014*
Not washing hands after contact with soil	1.89	0.09–38.24	0.678
Not washing hands before eating	1.74	0.13–23.69	0.677
Not washing hands before cooking	0.13	0.01–2.56	0.179
Not washing hands after defecation	9.94	1.03–95.79	0.047	0.009*
Not washing hands after contact with animals	0.25	0.02–2.58	0.243
B) Temuan sub-ethnic group
Demographic factor
Family size (≥5 members)	3.44	1.21–9.80	0.021	0.012*
Socio-economic factors
Monthly household income (<RM750)	2.02	0.67–6.06	0.211
Without toilet	1.63	0.26–10.43	0.604
Untreated water source	0.95	0.19–4.86	0.950
Presence of domestic animals	0.34	0.09–1.31	0.117
Personal hygiene factors
Not boiling water before consumption	5.96	1.20–29.52	0.029	0.023*
Not washing hands after contact with animals	3.95	0.42–37.63	0.232
C) Mah Meri sub-ethnic group
Demographic factor
Age (<15 years old)	0.87	0.13–6.03	0.887
Socioeconomic factors
Unemployed	3.52	0.93–13.26	0.063	0.020*
Monthly household income (<RM750)	1.31	0.22–7.94	0.769
Personal hygiene factors
Not wearing shoes when outside home	1.59	0.23–10.93	0.635
Not washing hands after defecation	2.71	0.69–10.65	0.154
Not consuming anthelmintic drugs in the past 12 months	2.23	0.29–16.88	0.439

*Indicates significant risk factors associated with parasitic infections determined using the forward selection model