Table 1.
Pairing, mode of reproduction, niche change metrics and niche change scenario of the species analysed
| Pair ID | Family | Species | Reproduction | D | Change in niche optimum | Change in niche breadth PC1 | Change in niche breadth PC2 | Niche change scenario | Expansion/unfilling |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Asteraceae | Ageratina adenophora | Apo | 0.234 | s | c | b | B | E |
| 1 | Asteraceae | Mikania micrantha | Sex | 0.1751 | s | b | c | B | U |
| 2 | Asteraceae | Chromolaena odorata | Apo | 0.3531 | ns | b | c | F | |
| 2 | Asteraceae | Eupatorium cannabinum | Sex | 0.3121 | s | b | b | C | E & U |
| 3 | Asteraceae | Erigeron annuus | Apo | 0.2199 | s | c | c | A | U |
| 3 | Asteraceae | Erigeron canadensis | Sex | 0.1926 | s | c | c | A | U |
| 4 | Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia esula | Apo | 0.2576 | s | b | b | C | E |
| 4 | Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia cyparissias | Sex | 0.4368 | s | b | b | C | E |
| 5 | Hypericaceae | Hypericum perforatum | Apo | 0.3459 | s | b | b | C | E |
| 5 | Hypericaceae | Hypericum androsaemum | Sex | 0.4275 | s | b | b | C | |
| 6 | Melastomataceae | Clidemia hirta | Apo | 0.1959 | s | b | c | A | U |
| 6 | Melastomataceae | Miconia calvescens | Sex | 0.1948 | ns | c | c | D | U |
| 7 | Poaceae | Brachiaria brizantha | Apo | 0.1398 | s | b | b | B | E & U |
| 7 | Poaceae | Brachiaria ruziziensis | Sex | 0.0423 | s | b | b | C | E & U |
| 8 | Poaceae | Cortaderia jubata | Apo | 0.3368 | s | c | c | A | U |
| 8 | Poaceae | Cortaderia selloana | Sex | 0.3156 | s | b | c | E & U | |
| 9 | Poaceae | Eragrostis curvula | Apo | 0.5107 | s | b | b | C | |
| 9 | Poaceae | Eragrostis superba | Sex | 0.2379 | s | c | b | B | E & U |
| 10 | Poaceae | Paspalum conjugatum | Apo | 0.317 | s | c | b | B | |
| 10 | Poaceae | Paspalum urvillei | Sex | 0.3329 | s | b | b | B | E |
| 11 | Poaceae | Poa pratensis | Apo | 0.3649 | s | b | b | C | E |
| 11 | Poaceae | Poa annua | Sex | 0.3208 | s | b | b | C | E |
| 12 | Rosaceae | Potentilla recta | Apo | 0.3356 | s | c | b | U | |
| 12 | Rosaceae | Duchesnea indica | Sex | 0.3025 | s | c | c | A | U |
| 13 | Rosaceae | Rubus pensilvanicus | Apo | 0.0026 | s | c | b | B | E & U |
| 13 | Rosaceae | Rubus phoenicolasius | Sex | 0.0336 | s | b | b | C | E & U |
Changes in niche optima are classified as significant (s) or nonsignificant (ns). Changes in niche breadth are summarized as contraction (c) and broadening (b), significant c/b is given in bold. Niche change scenarios follow Fig. 1; three species both broadened and contracted their niches along the two principal components analysis (PCA) axes and were not assigned to a specific niche change scenario. Niche change scenarios: A, change in optimal niche position and niche contraction; B, change in optimal niche position; C, change in optimal niche position and niche broadening; D, niche contraction; F, niche stability. Expansion (E) into novel and/or unfilling (U) of native niche space in the alien area larger than 10% is given in the last column.