Table 1.
Detection of inflammatory biomarkers in saliva of patients with various chronic diseases
| Biomarkers | References |
|---|---|
| Cancer | |
| Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma | |
| TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8 | (25) |
| IL-1β, Osteopontin | (26) |
| ET-1 | (27) |
| HNP-1 | (28) |
| Albumin | (29) |
| CA-125 | (30) |
| Glutathione | (31) |
| Ig heavy constant, Cofilin-1, Region gamma | (32) |
| Transferrin, Transthyretin, Calgranulin B | (32) |
| M2BP, MRP-14, Profillin, Catalase | (33) |
| p53 antibodies | (34) |
| Haptoglobin, Complement C3 | (35) |
| PGE2 | (36) |
| CCR6, CCR7, c-Src | (37) |
| Sialyl lewis-x | (38) |
| Total antioxidant | (39) |
| IL-10 | (40) |
| HPA, sAA, K-10, GA-HSA | (41) |
| Choline, Betaine, Pipecolinic acid, l-carnitine | (42) |
| Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | |
| miR-9, miR-134, miR-191 | (43) |
| Breast Cancer | |
| EGF | (44) |
| EGF Receptor, HER2 | (18) |
| CA15-3, EGFR | (45) |
| Solid Tumors | |
| Kallikrein | (46) |
| Parotid Tumors | |
| Leptin | (47) |
| Lung Cancer | |
| Lactoferrin | (48) |
| Ovarian Cancer | |
| CA 125, Glycoprotein complex | (45) |
| Oral Diseases | |
| Periodontal Disease | |
| MIP-1α | (49, 50) |
| MCP-1 | (51) |
| MMP-8 | (52) |
| NO | (53) |
| Lysophosphatidic acid | (54) |
| sTREM-1 | (55) |
| β-Glucuronidase | (56) |
| IL-1β, -6, -8, MMP-8, IFN-α | (57) |
| Lactoferrin | (58) |
| 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine | (59) |
| Azurocidin | (60) |
| Collagenase, Profilin-1, Calreticulin, Peptidoglycan | (61) |
| Lactotransferrin, Fibrinogen Alpha Chain, Plastin-2 | (61) |
| Alpha-2- Macroglobulin, Alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein | (61) |
| Complement C-3, MMP-9, Gelsolin, Defensin | (61) |
| SOD, TAS, IL-1β | (62) |
| TOS, TAOC | (63) |
| Oral Lichen Planus | |
| IL-6, -8, -18, TNF-α | (64) |
| IL-1α, -6, -8 | (25) |
| IFN-γ, IL-4 | (65) |
| TLR-2, TLR-4 | (66) |
| IFN-γ, IL-4 | (67) |
| Dental Caries | |
| TNF-α, IL-6, -8 | (68) |
| sTLR-2 | (69) |
| SOD, Copper, Zinc levels | (70) |
| MUC1, MUC5B | (71) |
| Burning Mouth Syndrome | |
| CGRP | (72) |
| Autoimmune Diseases | |
| Sjorgen’s Syndrome | |
| CXCL10 | (73) |
| CXCL13 | (74) |
| sICAM-1 | (75) |
| IL-17, -22, -23 | (76) |
| IL-4, IL-5, Clusterin | (77) |
| Crohn’s Disease | |
| IL-1β, -6, TNF-α | (78) |
| Atherosclerosis | |
| TNF-α, IL-6, -10 | (79) |
| Parkinson's Disease | |
| α-synuclein | (80) |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | |
| IL-1β, -6, -8, TNF-α, γ-INF, MCP-1, sICAM-1 | (81) |
| Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | |
| SOD, Uric acid, Antioxidant, Albumin, LDH | (82) |
| Ulcerative Colitis | |
| TGF-β1, NO, RP-1 | (83) |
| Diabetes | |
| β-Glucuronidase | (56) |
| G-3PD, Serum amyloid A | (84) |
| 1,5-anhydroglucitol | (85) |
| N-acetyl-β-D-hexosaminidase | (86) |
| 8-OHdG, Protein carbonyls | (87) |
| MDA, Uric acid | (88) |
| Chromogranin A | (89) |
| Antioxidant enzymes | (90) |
| Advanced glycation endproducts | (91) |
| Obesity | |
| Endocannabinoids, N-acylethanolamines | (92) |
| Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | |
| TNF-α, IL-6 | (93) |
| Graft vs. Host Disease | |
| IFN-γ | (94) |
| IL-1, Cystatin B | (95) |
| Sub-acute Thyroiditis | |
| CRP | (96) |
| Down's Syndrome | |
| SOD, Malondialdehyde | (97) |
| Stress | |
| pH | (98) |
| Chromogranin A | (99) |
| Cortisol | (100) |
| Secretory IgA | (101) |
| Cardiovascular Diseases | |
| Myocardial Infarction | |
| Irisin | (102) |
| Fractalkine, IL-17, IL-6, IL-9, | (103) |
| MIP-1 β, CRP, VEGF, IL-5 | (103) |
| Oxidative stress | (104) |
| Ischemia-modified albumin | (105) |
| Creatine kinase MB, Creatine phosphokinase | (106) |
| Free sialic acid | (107) |
| Heart Failure | |
| CRP, Troponin I | (108) |
EGF, Epidermal Growth Factor; CRP, C Reactive Protein; TNF, Tumor Necrosis Factor α: Alpha; IL, Interleukin; ET, Endothelin; HNP, Human alpha-Defensin; CA, Cancer Antigen; Ig: Immunoglobulin; M2BP, Mac-2 Binding Protein; MRP, Myeloid-Related Protein; PGE2, Prostaglandin E2; CCR, Chemokine Receptor; IFN, Interferon; TLR, Toll-Like Receptor; TGF, Transforming Growth Factor; NO, Nitric Oxide; MIP, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein; MCP, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein; MMP, Matrix Metalloproteinases; s-TREM, soluble-Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells; CXCL: Chemokine Ligand; sICAM, soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule; SOD, Superoxide Dismutase; LDH, Lactate Dehydrogenase; RP-1, Recognition Protein-1; G-3PD, Glyceraldehyde-3 P Dehydrogenase; CGRP, Calcitonin gene-related peptide.