Table 2.
Detection of inflammatory biomarkers in urine of patients with various chronic conditions
| Biomarker | Reference |
|---|---|
| Cancer | |
| Bladder Cancer | |
| IL-6, IL-8 | (131) |
| Chemokine 18 | (132) |
| VEGF, IL-8, MMP-9, MMP-7, Survivin, Cyfra 21.1 | (133) |
| MMP-9, MMP-10, SERPINE1, | (134) |
| IL8, APOE, SERPINA1, ANG | (134) |
| Breast Cancer | |
| IL-8, TNF receptor p55 | (135) |
| Allantoin, F2-isoprostanes | (136) |
| Estrogens, metabolites | (137) |
| Estradiol, 16-epiestriol, | (138) |
| 17-epiestriol, 16-ketoestradiol | (138) |
| 5-hydroxymethyl-2-deoxyuridine, | (139) |
| 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, | (139) |
| Homovanillate 4-hydroxyphenylacetate | (140) |
| 5-hydroxyindoleacetate, Urea | (140) |
| Nucleosides | (141) |
| Cytidine, methylcytidine, Inosine | (142) |
| Polyamines | (143) |
| IL-1α, -8, VEGF, MMP-9 | (144) |
| Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma | |
| IL-8 | (145) |
| Prostate Cancer | |
| IL-18BP | (146) |
| miRNA-483-5p, miRNA-1275, miRNA-1290 | (147) |
| N-telopeptide | (148) |
| miR-16, miR-21, miR-222 | (149) |
| Lung Carcinoma | |
| NNAL | (150) |
| Kidney Disease | |
| MCP-1, TNF-α | (151) |
| MIP-1d, IL-1β | (152) |
| TNFR1 | (153) |
| IL-8 | (154) |
| let-7d, miR-203, miR-320 | (155) |
| Ochratoxin A, Citrinin | (156) |
| NGAL | (157) |
| TNF-α, IL-8, IL-10, SOD, MDA, | (158) |
| 6-keto-PGF1α, 8-iso-PGF2α, H2O2 | (158) |
| Guanidinosuccinic acid | (159) |
| Guanidinoacetic acid, Indoxyl sulfate, | (159) |
| Indole-3-acetic acid | (159) |
| A1MG, Haptoglobin | (160) |
| Autosomal Dominant Polycystic kidney | |
| IL-18 | (161) |
| NGAL | (162) |
| Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis | |
| MCP-1 | (163) |
| HIV-associated Nephropathy | |
| NGAL | (164) |
| Neurotoxicity | |
| 2,5-DMP, DMPN, DMPN NAC, | (165) |
| Autoimmune Diseases | |
| Alzheimer's Disease | |
| AD7C-NTP | (166) |
| APOE ε4 | (167) |
| 3-hydroxykynurenine, Homogentisate, Allantoin | (168) |
| 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine | (169) |
| Amyloid beta protein | (170) |
| F2-isoprostanes, Prostaglandin | (171) |
| Parkinson Disease | |
| 12-isoprostaneF2alpha-VI | (172) |
| Dopamine | (173) |
| 8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine | (174) |
| Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid | (175) |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | |
| MCP-1 | (176) |
| NGAL | (177) |
| Osteoclastogenesis | |
| DPD, CTX, NTX | (178) |
| αCTX, βCTX | (179) |
| OPG | (180) |
| Calcium | (181) |
| Deoxypyridinoline | (182) |
| Oral Diseases | |
| Chronic Periodontitis | |
| Creatinine-adjusted cortisol, | (183) |
| Metanephrine, Normetanephrine, | (183) |
| Bladder Pain Syndrome | |
| E-cadherin, ZO-1, uroplakin Chondroitin | (184) |
| Epithelial cell growth factors | (185) |
| GP51 | (186) |
| Uroplakin III-delta4 | (187) |
| biglycan, decorin, perlecan, Syndecan-1 | (188) |
| Neuropilins, VEGF | (189) |
| IL-6, IL-8 | (190) |
| NGF | (191) |
| HB-EGF, APF | (192) |
| Tuberculosis | |
| IGKC, RBP4, ORM1, IGLC2, | (193) |
| Lipoarabinomannan | (194) |
| 16S-rRNA | (195) |
| Rv1681 | (196) |
| Deoxypyridinoline | (197) |
| IP-10 | (198) |
| Neopterin | (199) |
| Endothelin-1 | (200) |
| Cardiovascular Disease | |
| NGAL | (201) |
| Urine phosphorus | (202) |
| Creatinine, Albumin | (203) |
| IgM | (204) |
| Orosomucoid | (205) |
| miRNAs | (206) |
| Urine phosphorus | (202) |
| Creatinine, Albumin | (203) |
| IgM | (204) |
| Orosomucoid | (205) |
| miRNAs | (206) |
IL, Interleukin; TNF, Tumor Necrosis Factor; IL-18BP, Interleukin-18 Binding Protein; α: Alpha VGEF, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; MMP, Matrix Metalloproteinases; MCP, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein; MIP, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein; NGAL: Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin; TNFR1, Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-1; PET PIB, positron emission tomography, radiotracer Pittsburgh Compound-B; NNAL, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol; DHBA, 3, 5-dihydroxy-benzoic acid (DHBA); DHPPA, 3-(3, 5-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanoic acid; CTX, carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen; DPD, deoxypyridinoline (lysylpyridinoline); NTX, N-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen; IGKC, immunoglobulin kappa chain C; RBP4, retinol binding protein 4; ORM1, α-1-acid glycoprotein 1; IGLC2, immunoglobulin lambda-2 chain C; A1MG, Alpha-1-microglobulin; DMPN, dimethylpyrrole norleucine; DMPN NAC, cysteine-pyrrole conjugate; DMPN GSH, glutathione-pyrrole conjugate; 2,5-DMP, 2,5-dimethylpyrrole; AD7c-NTP, Alzheimer-associated neuronal thread protein.