Table 4.

Rate of anti-TB drug resistance in current and other studies conducted between 1984 and 2015 in Ethiopia

Type of the study		Study time	Sample size	Rate of anti-TB resistance
				Primary resistance		Secondary resistance		Overall resistance (primary plus secondary resistance)
				Any-resistance (%)	MDR-TB (%)	Any- resistance (%)	MDR-TB (%)	Any- resistance (%)	MDR-TB (%)
Community-based	Institution-based
Current study		2014	33073a	15.3	2.4	48.8	14.3	21.7	4.7
	Demissie M et al. [34]	1994	167b	15.6	0.6
	Bruchfeld et. al [22]	1996–1997	509	14.6	0.9	11.1	0	15.7	1.7
	Abate et al. [35]	1998	30c					50	12
	Demissie et al. [40]	1998		12.9	0.6
	Gebeyehu M et al. [23]	2001	203	18.2	0	31.6	0	19.5	0
	First National Drug resistance survey [7]	2003–2005	804		1.6		11.5
	Desta K et al. [36]	2004–2005	297b	27.4	0
	Abate D et al. [13]	2004–2008	376c			72.9	46.3
	Asmamaw et al. [25]	2004–2005	173b	21.4	0.6
	Agonafir M et al. [9]	2005–2006	114c	25	2.3	85.7	63.5	60.8	38.3
	Tessema B et al. [10]	2009	260	10.7	3.7	39.1	10.9	15.8	5.0
	Abebe G et al. [11]	2010–2011	136b	18.4	1.5
	Esmael A et al. [37]	2010–2011	230	23.6	1.8	58.5	18.5	33.5	6.5
	Yimer et al. [26]	2012	112b	30.1	1.0
	Seyoum et al. [8]	2011–2013	408b	23	1.1
	Nigus et al. [12]	2012–2013	606b				15.3
	Second National Drug resistance survey (7)	2014	1651		2.3		17.8
	Mulisa G et al. [38]	2015	439c				33.2 %

^a Of the study population, 106 TB cases were diagnosed

^b Only new cases

^c Previously treated and now presumptive for MDR-TB