Table 3.
Prevalence of hypertension by gender and by sociodemographic determinants and their associations (Odds Ratio (OR)) with hypertension among 15–64 year old citizens of Myanmar
| Male | Female | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | No. (%) with hypertensiona | Model 1 | Model 2 | N | No. (%) with hypertensiona | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
| 2862 | OR (95 % CI) b | p-value | OR (95 % CI) c | p-value | 4457 | OR (95 % CI) b | p-value | OR (95 % CI) c | p-value | |||
| Age | ||||||||||||
| 15–24 | 415 | 53 (12.9) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 518 | 43 (7.5) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | ||||
| 25–34 | 619 | 114 (18.4) | 1.53 (1.07–2.18) | 0.018 | 1.59 (1.11–2.27) | 0.01 | 945 | 145 (15.5) | 2.28 (1.59–3.26) | <0.001 | 2.3 (1.60–3.29) | <0.001 |
| 35–44 | 657 | 194 (29.8) | 2.88 (2.06–4.02) | <0.001 | 2.91 (2.08–4.08) | <0.001 | 1144 | 318 (28.0) | 4.82 (3.45–6.76) | <0.001 | 4.91 (3.5–6.89) | <0.001 |
| 45–54 | 656 | 237 (36.5) | 3.90 (2.80–5.42) | <0.001 | 3.94 (2.82–5.52) | <0.001 | 1049 | 419 (40.3) | 8.36 (5.99–11.69) | <0.001 | 8.52 (6.06–11.98) | <0.001 |
| 55–64 | 515 | 257 (50.1) | 6.80 (4.86–9.52) | <0.001 | 6.86 (4.85–9.7) | <0.001 | 738 | 391 (53.4) | 14.21 (10.09–20.0) | <0.001 | 14.63 (10.28–20.82) | <0.001 |
| Urban/rural | ||||||||||||
| Urban | 851 | 299 (35.3) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1311 | 438 (33.6) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | ||||
| Rural | 2011 | 556 (27.9) | 0.71 (0.59–0.85) | <0.001 | 0.71 (0.59–0.85) | <0.001 | 3146 | 878 (28.2) | 0.81 (0.70–0.94) | 0.004 | 0.81 (0.70–0.95) | 0.008 |
| Region | ||||||||||||
| Central Plains | 1093 | 294 (27.1) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1410 | 400 (28.6) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | ||||
| Hilly | 534 | 147 (27.63) | 1.26 (0.99–1.61) | 0.062 | 1.21 (0.9–1.64) | 0.198 | 631 | 183 (29.2) | 1.21 (0.97–1.51) | 0.062 | 1.09 (0.83–1.43) | 0.547 |
| Coastal | 333 | 93 (28.62) | 1.15 (0.86–1.53) | 0.351 | 1.11 (0.79–1.57) | 0.533 | 682 | 202 (30.2) | 1.20 (0.97–1.49) | 0.351 | 1.07 (0.83–1.39) | 0.591 |
| Delta | 902 | 321 (35.8) | 1.49 (1.22–1.81) | <0.001 | 1.48 (1.21–1.8) | <0.001 | 1734 | 531 (30.8) | 1.20 (1.62–1.42) | 0.026 | 1.19 (1.01–1.40) | 0.038 |
| Years at school | ||||||||||||
| 0 years | 234 | 86 (36.8) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 438 | 156 (35.9) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | ||||
| 1–5 years | 743 | 218 (29.6) | 0.92 (0.67–1.26) | 0.598 | 0.89 (0.64–1.22) | 0.465 | 1810 | 586 (32.6) | 1.12 (0.89–1.41) | 0.34 | 1.13 (0.9–1.44) | 0.283 |
| 6–11 years | 1520 | 465 (30.8) | 1.13 (0.84–1.53) | 0.418 | 1.04 (0.76–1.42) | 0.793 | 1700 | 462 (27.5) | 1.22 (0.96–1.55) | 0.109 | 1.17 (0.92–1.5) | 0.207 |
| > 11 years | 365 | 86 (23.7) | 0.94 (0.64–1.37) | 0.729 | 0.8 (0.53–1.18) | 0.264 | 509 | 112 (22.1) | 1.14 (0.84–1.56) | 0.395 | 1.08 (0.79–1.5) | 0.612 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| Bamar | 2094 | 629 (30.0) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 3238 | 629 (30.0) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | ||||
| Other ethnic | 768 | 226 (29.4) | 1.02 (0.85–1.24) | 0.786 | 1.03 (0.85–1.24) | 0.863 | 1219 | 226 (29.4) | 1.16 (0.99–1.35) | 0.61 | 1.18 (0.95–1.45) | 0.132 |
aSBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90, or uses antihypertensive medications; bAdjusted for age; cAdjusted for age, rural/urban, region, years at school and ethnicity