Table 4.
Male | Female | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. (%) with hypertensiona | Model 1b | Model 2c, d | No. (%) with hypertensiona | Model 1b | Model 2c, d | |||||||
N | OR (95 % CI) b | P-value | OR (95 % CI) c, d | p-value | N | OR (95 % CI) a | p-value | OR (95 % CI) c, d | P-value | |||
BMI | ||||||||||||
Underweight | 569 | 115 (20.1) | 0.66 (0.52–0.84) | 0,001 | 0.63 (0.49–0.82) | 0,001 | 736 | 118 (16.0) | 0.55 (0.52–0.83) | <0.001 | 0.56 (0.44–0.72) | <0.001 |
Normal weight | 1764 | 487 (27.6) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 2344 | 581 (24.8) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | ||||
Overweight | 479 | 245 (51.2) | 2.55 (2.05–3.16) | <0.001 | 2.63 (2.08–3.33) | <0.001 | 1304 | 611 (46.9) | 2.36 (2.03–2.76) | <0.001 | 2.31 (1.97–2.72) | <0.001 |
WC | ||||||||||||
Normal | 2774 | 819 (29.5) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 3765 | 967 (25.7) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | ||||
Male ≥102 cm, female ≥88 cm | 44 | 30 (68.2) | 3.64 (1.89–7.00) | <0.001 | 3.4 (1.77–6.78) | <0.001 | 617 | 344 (55.8) | 2.83 (2.36–3.4) | <0.001 | 2.71 (2.23–3.3) | <0.001 |
Smoking status | ||||||||||||
Never smoker | 1302 | 358 (27.5) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 3967 | 1178 (29.7) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | ||||
Current smoker | 1270 | 389 (30.6) | 1.05 (0.88–1.26) | 0,58 | 1.03 (0.86–1.23) | 0,719 | 352 | 99 (28.2) | 0.52 (0.4–0.68) | <0.001 | 0.53 (0.41–0.69) | <0.001 |
Former smoker | 270 | 108 (40) | 1.25 (0.94–1.67) | 0,121 | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 0,196 | 98 | 39 (39.8) | 0.76 (0.5–1.1) | 0,206 | 0.77 (0.5–1.18) | 0,23 |
Smokeless tobacco status | ||||||||||||
Never | 1268 | 385 (30.4) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 3678 | 1095 (29.7) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | ||||
Current | 1465 | 427 (29.2) | 1.04 (0.88–1.24) | 0,638 | 1.03 (0.84–1.24) | 0,67 | 724 | 216 (29.8) | 0.78 (0.66–0.95) | 0,01 | 0.77 (0.64–0.93) | 0,006 |
Former | 109 | 43 (39.5) | 1.45 (0.96–2.21) | 0,081 | 1.41 (0.92–2.15) | 0,117 | 15 | 6 (40.0) | 1.17 (0.39–3.5) | 0,769 | 1.1 (0.37–3.28) | 0,863 |
Daily fruit and veg. use | ||||||||||||
≥5 servings | 286 | 77 (26.9) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 401 | 109 (27.2) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | ||||
<5 servings | 2320 | 703 (30.3) | 1.10 (0.83–1.47) | 0,506 | 1.06 (0.8–1.42) | 3696 | 1104 (29.9) | 1.11 (0.87–1.42) | 0,381 | 1.13 (0.88–1.45) | 0,332 | |
Oil use | ||||||||||||
Peanut oil | 1184 | 369 (31.2) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1873 | 570 (30.4) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | ||||
Palm oil | 534 | 179 (33.5) | 1.11 (0.89–1.40) | 0,357 | 1.11 (0.87–1.41) | 0,406 | 917 | 293 (32.0) | 1.1 0.92–1.32) | 0,266 | 1.15 (0.95–1.4) | 0,159 |
Mix of peanut and palm oil | 326 | 115 (35.3) | 1.09 (0.84–1.43) | 0,487 | 71.08 (0.82–1.43) | 0,582 | 491 | 160 (32.6) | 1.04 (0.83–1.31) | 0,693 | 1.07 (0.85–1.35) | 0,543 |
Sesame oil | 532 | 118 (22.2) | 0.59 (0.46–0.76) | <0.001 | 0.64 (0.49–0.89) | 0,001 | 730 | 181 (24.8) | 0.71 (0.58–0.87) | 0,001 | 0.75 (0.60–0.94) | 0,011 |
Other oil | 249 | 71 (28.5) | 0.91 (0.67–1.24) | 0,562 | 0.96 (0.7–1.32) | 0,803 | 377 | 105 (27.9) | 0.87 (0.67–1.12) | 0,293 | 0.89 (0.68–1.16) | 0,389 |
Current alcohol drinkers | ||||||||||||
Drinkers | 891 | 314 (35.3) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 69 | 20 (29.0) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | ||||
Non-drinkers | 1951 | 541 (27.7) | 0.58 (0.48–0.69) | <0.001 | 0.57 (0.48–0.69) | <0.001 | 4348 | 1296 (29.8) | 0.89 (0.52–1.55) | 0,707 | 0.94 (0.53–1.65) | 0,817 |
Vigorous activity at work | ||||||||||||
Yes | 1167 | 291 (24.9) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 664 | 149 (22.4) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | ||||
No | 1673 | 563 (33.6) | 1.36 (1.14–1.62) | <0.001 | 1.33 (1.11–1.59) | 0,002 | 3751 | 1167 (31.1) | 1.35 (1.10–1.66) | 0,003 | 1.33 (1.07–1.64) | 0,009 |
a SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90, or uses antihypertensive medications; bAdjusted for age; cBMI and WC are adjusted for age, urban/rural, region, years at school, smoking status, smokeless tobacco status, daily fruit and veg use, oil use, current alcohol drinkers and vigorous activity at work; dSmoking status, smokless tobacco status, daily fruit and veg. use, oil use, alcohol and activity at work are adjusted for age, urban/rural, region and years at school