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. 2016 Jul 18;16:83. doi: 10.1186/s12874-016-0188-1

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© The Author(s). 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Bias in mean costs for imputation methods for different mechanisms and levels of missing data. Abbreviations: MCAR: missing completely at random; MAR: missing at random; MNAR: missing not at random; MCMC: Markov Chain Monte Carlo; MI: multiple imputation