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. 2016 Jul 19;18:171. doi: 10.1186/s13075-016-1067-1

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© The Author(s). 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 4 — Co-localization of cells expressing synovial markers. Sagittal plane histological sections of the medial aspect of inflamed knee joints were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (a), macrophage-specific calcium-binding protein IBA1 (b, j), alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) (c, d, l), collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (CTHRC1) (e, f, k), cadherin CDH11 (g–i). Sections were counterstained with hematoxylin or alcian blue. Meniscus (m) was used to align images; femur (f), tibia (t). Area of the pannus-meniscus junction labeled with yellow arrowheads (c, e, g) are zoomed in at panels d, f, and h. Representative immunohistochemical (IHC) images at panels i–l show the area of pannus-meniscus junction at higher × 40 objective magnification. At this structure, cells positive for CDH11, CTHRC1 and α-SMA IHC staining demonstrated a similar gradient distribution with maximal signal at the meniscus fibrocartilage-pannus border, while macrophage-specific IBA1 showed dispersed localization. Scale bars are 100 μm (a–h) and 25 μm (i–l)