Table 4.
Univariate analysis of the EQ-5D utility scores and categorical variables
| Urban group | Rural group | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | P value* | Mean | SD | P value* | |
| Gender | <0.001 | |||||
| Male | 0.906 | 0.181 | <0.001 | 0.887 | 0.192 | |
| Female | 0.878 | 0.214 | 0.858 | 0.218 | ||
| Age Group | ||||||
| 35–44 | 0.959 | 0.120 | 0.946 | .118 | ||
| 45–54 | 0.948 | 0.130 | <0.001 | 0.929 | 0.143 | <0.001 |
| 55–64 | 0.917 | 0.169 | 0.893 | 0.183 | ||
| ≥ 65 | 0.845 | 0.233 | 0.803 | 0.250 | ||
| Ethnic group Han | 0.890 | 0.201 | 0.670 | 0.870 | 0.207 | 0.463 |
| Others | 0.910 | 0.251 | 0.832 | 0.232 | ||
| Region | ||||||
| Shannan | 0.875 | 0.207 | <0.001 | 0.879 | 0.197 | 0.015 |
| Guanzhong | 0.899 | 0.214 | 0.869 | 0.210 | ||
| Shanbei | 0.878 | 0.195 | 0.850 | 0.215 | ||
| Marital status | <0.001 | |||||
| Married | 0.908 | 0.184 | 0.887 | 0.196 | <0.001 | |
| Single | 0.915 | 0.174 | 0.846 | 0.216 | ||
| Divorced | 0.797 | 0.257 | 0.795 | 0.243 | ||
| Widowed | 0.886 | 0.149 | 0.980 | 0.600 | ||
| Education level | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Illiterate | 0.797 | 0.263 | 0.815 | 0.241 | ||
| Primary school | 0.874 | 0.202 | 0.877 | 0.201 | ||
| Junior high school | 0.919 | 0.174 | 0.921 | 0.155 | ||
| Senior high / technical school | 0.928 | 0.162 | 0.922 | 0.163 | ||
| College and above | 0.948 | 0.123 | 0.995 | 0.026 | ||
| Employment status | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Employed | 0.937 | 0.132 | 0.905 | 0.169 | ||
| Retired | 0.890 | 0.205 | 0.863 | 0.217 | ||
| Unemployed | 0.823 | 0.251 | 0.778 | 0.265 | ||
| Insurance coverage | ||||||
| Uninsured | 0.890 | 0.201 | 0.071 | 0.833 | 0.174 | 0.175 |
| Insured | 0.931 | 0.177 | 0.870 | 0.209 | ||
| Smoking status | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 0.882 | 0.210 | 0.860 | 0.219 | ||
| No | 0.923 | 0.153 | 0.900 | 0.167 | ||
| Drinking status | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 0.880 | 0.209 | 0.863 | 0.214 | ||
| No | 0.947 | 0.124 | 0.930 | 0.140 | ||
| Physical activity | <0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 0.929 | 0.139 | 0.892 | 0.170 | 0.078 | |
| No | 0.854 | 0.239 | 0.865 | 0.216 | ||
| Health education | ||||||
| Yes | 0.891 | 0.192 | 0.123 | 0.871 | 0.207 | 0.107 |
| No | 0.890 | 0.215 | 0.858 | 0.218 | ||
| Health examination | ||||||
| Yes | 0.899 | 0.175 | 0.924 | 0.870 | 0.200 | 0.275 |
| No | 0.889 | 0.231 | 0.869 | 0.213 | ||
* ANOVA was employed to test the difference in EQ-5D utility scores at different levels of each variable. Missing data for the variables: marital status (urban/rural: 1/2), employment status (urban/rural: 5/0), insurance coverage (urban/rural: 8/2), smoking status (urban/rural: 2/0), drinking status (urban/rural: 24/35), physical activity (urban/rural: 17/12), health education (urban/rural: 0/4) and health examination (urban/rural: 1/8)