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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 May 5.
Published in final edited form as: Cell. 2016 Apr 28;165(4):842–853. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.04.007

Figure 3. Functional Differences, HMO Utilization, and Lipid A Biosynthesis.

Figure 3

(A) Bootstrapped mean log2 fold changes and their standard deviations in the functional categories with the largest differences between Finnish and Russian children.

(B) Mean human milk oligosaccharide utilization gene abundance across the three countries within the first year of life, stratified by taxonomic origin of each gene (“conserved” genes were too highly conserved to confidently assign to a unique genus).

(C) Lipid A biosynthesis pathway normalized read counts (RPKM) per sample (n = 785) and a linear fit per country. (D and E) Mean relative abundances of 15 species with the largest contributions to lipid A biosynthesis signal

(D), and their relative contributions (E) to the signal in all samples within each country.

See also Figure S5 and Table S2.