. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Mar 7.

Published in final edited form as: J Mater Chem B. 2016 Jan 29;4(9):1610–1618. doi: 10.1039/C5TB01825K

Table 1. Clinically used nanomaterials that activate the innate immune system.

Material	Activation Pathway	References
DOXIL	Alternative pathway activation shown to be activated	^{5, 16, 23, 24}
Iron oxide nanoparticles for MRI contrast (Feridex)	Alternative pathway activated. C3b covalently attaches to hydroxyls and amines on the surfaces of the particles ²⁵	⁶
PEGylated PLA-based nanoparticles (BIND-014)	Unknown, but hypersensitivity reactions reported in phase II trial (18 of 40 patients with 3 experiencing grade 3 or 4 reaction)	²⁶
Nanoemulsions (alum, MF59, AS04)	Inflammasomes, TLR4	^{11, 14, 15}