Table 2. Characteristics of observational studies.
| Study | Patients Characteristics | Setting | Duration | Exposure | Number of patients |
Outcomes | Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CASE – CONTROL STUDIES | |||||||
| Ernst 2007 (Retrospective) |
Population-based cohort design with a nested case control analysis for COPD patients 66 years of age or older |
Inpatient | 14 years (1988- 2001) |
ICS Non-ICS |
40366 79344 |
Pneumonia (Crude & Adjusted) Overall mortality (Crude) |
High* Low |
| Joo 2010 (Retrospective) |
Nested case control study in a cohort of Veterans Affairs (VA) patients with newly diagnosed COPD patients 65 years of age or older |
Inpatient | 4 years (1998- 2002) |
ICS Non-ICS |
24091 121495 |
Pneumonia (Crude & Adjusted) Pneumonia (30 day) mortality (Crude) |
High* Low |
| COHORT STUDIES | |||||||
| Chen 2011 (Retrospective) |
Cohort of COPD patients, 65 years of age or older who had a discharge diagnosis of pneumonia |
Inpatient | 5 years (2002- 2007) |
ICS Non-ICS |
8271 7497 |
Pneumonia (Crude) Pneumonia (30 day) mortality (Crude & Adjusted) Overall (90 day) mortality (Crude & Adjusted) |
High* Low Low |
| Cheng 2011 (Prospective) |
Cohort of moderate to severe COPD patients |
Inpatient | 2 years (2007- 2008) |
ICS Non-ICS |
125 149 |
Pneumonia (Crude & Adjusted) Zero pneumonia deaths |
Low Low |
| Festic 2014 (Retrospective) |
Cohort of adult patients with pneumonia or other risk factors for ARDS |
Inpatient | 26 weeks (March 2009– August 2009) |
ICS Non ICS |
226 363 |
Pneumonia (Crude & Adjusted) Pneumonia mortality (Crude) Overall (90 day) mortality (Crude) |
Low Low Low |
| Ko 2008 (Prospective) |
Cohort of patients with acute exacerbation of COPD with concomitant pneumonia |
Inpatient | 1 year (2004- 2005) |
ICS Non ICS |
42 36 |
Pneumonia (Crude) Pneumonia (Deaths during the same hospitalization) mortality (Crude) Overall (Deaths in the following 12 months) mortality (Crude) |
Low Low Low |
| Malo de Molina 2010 (Retrospective) |
Cohort of hospitalized patients with diagnosis of pneumonia who had a pre- existing diagnosis of COPD, age 65 or older |
Inpatient | 1 year (1999- 2000) |
ICS Non-ICS |
2420 3933 |
Pneumonia (Crude) Pneumonia (30 day) mortality (Crude & Adjusted) Overall (90 day) mortality (Crude & Adjusted) |
High* Low Low |
| Sellares 2013 (Prospective) |
Community acquired pneumonia patients admitted through emergency room, age 16 or older |
Inpatient | 12 years (January 1997 – July 2008) |
ICS Non-ICS |
340 394 |
Pneumonia (Crude) Pneumonia mortality (Crude) |
Low Low |
| Singanayagam 2011 (Prospective) |
Spirometry-confirmed COPD patients presenting with a primary diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia |
Inpatient | 4 years (2005- 2009) |
ICS Non-ICS |
376 114 |
Complicated pneumonia (Crude) Pneumonia (30 day) mortality (Crude & Adjusted) Overall (6 month) mortality (Crude & Adjusted) |
Low Low Low |