Table 3. Induction Phase (from the Start of TCI Propofol to the End of TCI Remifentanil).

	Group C (n=27)	Group IN1 (n=26)	Group IN2 (n=28)	Group IV (n=27)
Induction time (min)	10.0 (9.0-11.0)	9.5 (7-11)	8 (7-10)*	8 (8-10)*
Propofol concentration reaching preset BIS value (µg/mL)	3.8 (3.6-4.0)	2.9 (2.6-3.0)*	1.6 (1.4-2.1)*†	2.2 (1.7-2.4)*†‡
Number of patients required atropine	3	2	3	12*†‡
Number of patients required phenylephrine	2	1	2	2

TCI, target-controlled infusion; BIS, bispectral index; IN1, intranasal dexmedetomidine 1 µg/kg; IN2, intranasal dexmedetomidine 2 µg/kg; IV, intravenous dexmedetomidine 1 µg/kg.

Data are median (interquartile ranges) or number.

^*p<0.0083 vs. group C, ^†p<0.0083 vs. group IN1, ^‡p<0.0083 vs. group IN2.