Table 1.
Bacterial effectors modified by host factors ordered by species.
| Organism | Effector | Modification | Host eukaryotic factor | Effector activity | Process/Target(s) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bartonella henselae | BepD, BepE, BepF | Phosphorylation | Src family Tyr kinases | Unknown | Actin cytoskeleton(?)/MAPK signaling(?) | Schulein et al., 2005; Selbach et al., 2009 |
| Chlamydia trachomatis | AmpA | SUMOylation | SUMO1 (?), SUMO2/3 | Unknown | Unknown | Beyer et al., 2015 |
| Chlamydia trachomatis | AnkA | Phosphorylation | Tyr kinases Src, Abl-1 | Unknown | SHP-1/Histone deacetylase 1/Chromatin remodeling | Jw et al., 2007; Lin et al., 2007; Rennoll-Bankert et al., 2015 |
| Chlamydia trachomatis | Tarp | Phosphorylation | Src family kinases, Abl, Syk | Putative paxillin-like activity | Actin cytoskeleton/MAPK signaling | Clifton et al., 2004; Mehlitz et al., 2010; Thwaites et al., 2014 |
| Chlamydia trachomatis | TepP | Phosphorylation | Unknown kinases | Unknown | Crk signaling | Chen et al., 2014 |
| Entero-pathogenic Escherichia coli | Tir | Phosphorylation | PKA, Tyr kinases Src, Fyn, Abl | Unknown | Actin cytoskeleton | Phillips et al., 2004; Brandt et al., 2009; Selbach et al., 2009 |
| Helicobacter pylori | CagA | Phosphorylation | Tyr kinase Src, Abl | Unknown | Actin cytoskeleton/MAPK signaling | Segal et al., 1999; Backert and Selbach, 2005; Selbach et al., 2009; Backert et al., 2010b |
| Legionella pneumophila | AnkB | Ubiquitination/Prenylation - farnesylation | Unknown enzymes, Trim21 (?)/Ras, Rab, Rho family(?) | F-box protein | Trim21, SCF1 complex | Price et al., 2010a; Bruckert and Abu Kwaik, 2015 |
| Legionella pneumophila | GobX, LpdA | Palmitoylation | Unknown | E3 ubiquitin ligase | Unknown | Lin et al., 2015; Schroeder et al., 2015 |
| Legionella pneumophila | PelA, PelH, | Multiple prenylation | Unknown farnesyl and geranylgeranyl-tranferases | Remodeling of Legionella-containing vacuole | Unknown | Ivanov et al., 2010 |
| Legionella pneumophila | PelE, PelF, PelJ | Prenylation | Ras, Rab, Rho family(?) | Evasion of lysosomal fusion | Unknown | Price et al., 2010b |
| Legionella pneumophila | SetA, SidC, SidM, LidA | Phospholipid binding | Unknown | Glycosyltransferase, Ub ligase, adenylyl-transferase | Vesicular trafficking, Rab GTPases/Phosphoinositide | Haneburger and Hilbi, 2013; Ivanov and Roy, 2013 |
| Legionella pneumophila | VipD | Activation | Rab5 | Phospholipase A1 | Phospholipids (PI3P) | Gaspar and Machner, 2014 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ExoS | Activation | 14-3-3 | GAP/ADP-ribosyl-transferase | Rho/Rac/Cdc42 | Fu et al., 1993 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ExoT | Activation | 14-3-3 | GAP/ADP-ribosyl-transferase | Rho/Rac/Cdc42 | Fu et al., 1993 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ExoU | Activation/Phospholipid binding | Ubiquitin | Phospholipase A2 | Phospholipids | Anderson et al., 2011; Gendrin et al., 2012 |
| Pseudomonas syringae | AvrB | Activation/Phosphorylation/Myristoylation | Unknown kinases | Unknown | RIN4 | Nimchuk et al., 2000; Desveaux et al., 2007 |
| Pseudomonas syringae | AvrPphB, ORF4 | Myristoylation/Palmitoylation | Unknown | Cysteine protease | Unknown | Dowen et al., 2009 |
| Pseudomonas syringae | AvrPto | Phosphorylation/Myristoylation/Palmitoylation | Unknown kinases | Unknown | FLS2, EFR | Shan et al., 2000; Thara et al., 2004; Anderson et al., 2006 |
| Pseudomonas syringae | AvrPtoB | Phosphorylation/Ubiquitination | Pto kinase/ unknown kinases/ UbcH5a, UbcH5c, UbcH6 | E3 ubiquitin ligase | Fen, CERK1, FLS2, BAK1, Ubiquitin | Abramovitch et al., 2006; Janjusevic et al., 2006; Xiao et al., 2007; Ntoukakis et al., 2009; Mathieu et al., 2014 |
| Pseudomonas syringae | AvrRpm1 | Myristoylation/Palmitoylation | Unknown | Suppression of plant defense responses | Unknown | Nimchuk et al., 2000 |
| Pseudomonas syringae | AvrRpt2 | Activation | Cyclophilin | Cystein protease | RIN4 | Axtell et al., 2003; Coaker et al., 2005 |
| Pseudomonas syringae | HopF2, HopZ1a, HopZ1b, HopZ1c, HopZ2, HopZ4 | Myristoylation | IP6 | ADP-ribosyl-transferase/acetyltransferase+ unknown functions | RIN4/JAZ proteins, tubulin… | He et al., 2006; Robert-Seilaniantz et al., 2006; Lewis et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2012; Üstün et al., 2014 |
| Pseudomonas syringae | HopQ1 | Phosphorylation | Unknown kinases | Unknown | 14-3-3 proteins | Li et al., 2013 |
| Ralstonia solanacearum | RipAY | Activation | Thio-redoxin | γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase | Glutathione, unknown γ-glutamyl compounds | Fujiwara et al., 2016 |
| Rhizobium sp. | NopL, NopP | Phosphorylation | Unknown/MAP kinases/PKA | Unknown | MAPK pathways (?) | Bartsev et al., 2003; Skorpil et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2011 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | SifA | Prenylation–geranylgeranyl addition/S-acylation | Ras, Rab, Rho family/geranylgeranyl transferase I | Putative Rho GTPase | Rho1p | Reinicke et al., 2005 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | SopA | Ubiquitination | HsRMA, UbcH5a, UbcH5c, UbcH7 | E3 ubiquitin ligase | Unknown | Zhang et al., 2005, 2006 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | SopB/SigD | Ubiquitination | TRAF6, UbcH5c | Phosphoinositide phosphatase | Actin/Phosphoinositide/Cdc42 | Marcus et al., 2002; Rogers et al., 2008; Knodler et al., 2009; Patel et al., 2009; Ruan et al., 2014 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | SopE, SptP | Ubiquitination | Unknown enzymes | Guanine nucleotide exchange factor, GTPase activating protein | Rac1, Cdc42 | Kubori and Galan, 2003 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | SseJ | Activation | RhoA | Glycero-phospholipid-cholesterol acetyltransferase (GCAT) | Cholesterol | Christen et al., 2009 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | SspH2, SseI | Palmitoylation | Unknown palmitoyl-transferases | E3 ubiquitin ligase | Nod1, IQGAP1 | Hicks et al., 2011; Ivanov and Roy, 2013 |
| Shigella spp. | OspG | Activation/Ubiquitination | E2~ubiquitin | Ser/Thr kinase | NFκB signaling pathway | Zhou et al., 2013; Pruneda et al., 2014 |
| Sinorhizobium fredii | NopT | Myristoylation/Palmitoylation | Unknown | YopT-like cysteine protease | Unknown | Dowen et al., 2009 |
| Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris | XopE1, XopE2, XopJ, AvrXccC | Myristoylation | Unknown | Ser/Thr acetyltransferase, cysteine protease | RPT6, unknown | Thieme et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2007; Üstün et al., 2013; Üstün and Börnke, 2015 |
| Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria | AvrBsT | Phosphorylation | PIK1 | Putative YopJ-like Ser/Thr acetyltransferase | SGT1 (cell division) signaling | Kim et al., 2014 |
| Yersinia enterocolitica | YopE | Ubiquitination | Unknown enzymes | GTPase activating protein | Actin cytoskeleton/Rac1, RhoA, Cdc42 | Ruckdeschel et al., 2006; Hentschke et al., 2007 |
| Yersinia spp. | YopJ | Activation | IP6 | Acetyl- transferase | MEK | Mittal et al., 2010 |
| Yersinia spp. | YpkA/YopO | Activation | G-actin | Ser/Thr kinase | Actin-regulating proteins | Juris et al., 2000 |