Neocortical vascular development in E14.5 Rdh10 mutant embryos. A, Ib4-labeled blood vessels in E14.5 wild-type and Rdh10 mutant forebrain. Open arrow indicates avascular area of the neocortex; arrow indicates reduced vascular plexus in expanded neocortex. B, High-magnification images of E14.5 vascular plexus in the neocortex and thalamus of wild-type and Rdh10 mutants. Open arrows and arrows indicate enlarged, dysplastic vessels in PNVP and within the neocortex, respectively. C, Representative images of GLUT-1/BrdU labeling in the two vascular plexus in the neocortex (NC): the superficial PNVP, and plexus within the neocortex. Open arrows indicate BrdU+/Glut+ cells in both panels. D, Graphs depicting quantification of EC proliferation index in the NC PNVP and NC plexus in E14.5 wild-type and Rdh10 mutants. Asterisks indicate significance from wild-type value. E, Low-magnification images of E12.5 and E14.5 wild-type and Rdh10 mutant forebrains. F, High-magnification images of neocortical PNVP and internal vascular plexus at E12.5 and E14.5 in wild-type and Rdh10 mutants. G, Graph depicting vascular density in the two genotypes in the neocortex and thalamus at E12.5 and E14.5. *Significance from E12.5 value of the same genotype; #significance from E14.5 wild-type value. Scale bars: A, E, 500 μm; B, C, 100 μm. Ncx, Neocortex.