Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants across tertiles of dietary insulin load and insulin index
| Dietary insulin index | Dietary insulin load | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile1 | Tertile2 | Tertile3 | Tertile1 | Tertile2 | Tertile3 | |
| <81.6 | 81.6–86.3 | ≥86.3 | <794 | 794–1097 | ≥1097 | |
| Age at baseline (yr) | 40.7 ± 12.0 | 38.8 ± 12.1 | 41.0 ± 12.2 | 39.53 ± 11.54 | 40.60 ± 12.17 | 40.46 ± 12.66 |
| Men (%) | 39.4 | 45.1 | 51.0 | 31.3 | 44.2 | 60.0* |
| Smoking (%) | 14.2 | 9.1 | 11.6 | 14.0 | 9.7 | 10.3 |
| Weight (kg) | ||||||
| At baseline | 70.5 ± 11.9 | 71.1 ± 13.1 | 71.9 ± 13.5 | 70.1 ± 12.0 | 69.8 ± 12.7 | 73.6 ± 13.6* |
| After 3-years | 72.2 ± 12.1 | 73.1 ± 12.8 | 73.6 ± 13.6 | 71.5 ± 11.8 | 72.0 ± 12.9 | 75.3 ± 13.4* |
| Waist circumference (cm) | ||||||
| At baseline | 87.4 ± 12.1 | 88.2 ± 12.4 | 89.0 ± 12.2 | 87.8 ± 11.9 | 87.0 ± 12.6 | 89.8 ± 12.0* |
| After 3-years | 91.8 ± 11.3 | 92.5 ± 10.5 | 93.3 ± 11.1 | 92.4 ± 10.8 | 91.6 ± 11.4 | 93.6 ± 10.7 |
| Fasting serum glucose (mg/dL) | ||||||
| At baseline | 87.3 ± 11.9 | 86.8 ± 13.7 | 87.9 ± 15.2 | 86.3 ± 12.2 | 87.3 ± 13.4 | 88.5 ± 15.1 |
| After 3-years | 96.3 ± 21.1 | 94.9 ± 16.9 | 95.7 ± 19.1 | 93.9 ± 14.3 | 95.9 ± 20.9 | 97.1 ± 21.0 |
| Fasting serum insulin (mU/L) | ||||||
| At baseline | 7.5 ± 2.9 | 7.6 ± 3.1 | 7.6 ± 3.1 | 7.6 ± 2.9 | 7.6 ± 3.2 | 7.5 ± 2.9 |
| After 3-years | 8.3 ± 3.9 | 8.8 ± 4.2 | 8.7 ± 4.4 | 8.4 ± 4.0 | 8.8 ± 4.4 | 8.6 ± 4.1 |
| HOMA-IR | ||||||
| At baseline | 1.62 ± .67 | 1.63 ± .67 | 1.63 ± .68 | 1.63 ± .65 | 1.63 ± .70 | 1.62 ± .66 |
| After 3-years | 1.98 ± 1.10 | 2.11 ± 1.32 | 2.10 ± 1.18 | 2.05 ± 1.24 | 2.10 ± 1.18 | 2.04 ± 1.20 |
Data are mean ± SD (unless stated otherwise) * P < 0.05 (analysis of variance or chi-square test was used)