Table 1.
Maternal and infant baseline characteristics
| Maternal characteristics | HIV-infected (N = 1499) | HIV-uninfected (N = 1501) |
| Age (median) | 29 | 24 |
| Primigravid | 244 (16 %) | 675 (45 %) |
| Gravidity ≥4 | 545 (36 %) | 199 (13 %) |
| Married | 122 (8 %) | 145 (10 %) |
| Education | ||
| Primary/None | 197 (13 %) | 77 (5 %) |
| Secondary | 1176 (78 %) | 1127 (75 %) |
| Tertiary | 126 (8 %) | 297 (20 %) |
| Drinking water source | ||
| Communal standpipe | 301 (20 %) | 170 (11 %) |
| Tap in yard | 977 (65 %) | 1007 (67 %) |
| Piped directly into the home | 209 (14 %) | 317 (21 %) |
| Other/Unknown | 12 (1 %) | 7 (0.5 %) |
| Toilet facilities | ||
| No latrine facilities | 107 (7 %) | 60 (4 %) |
| Shared latrine with other compounds | 69 (5 %) | 53 (4 %) |
| Private latrine for house/compound | 1028 (69 %) | 946 (63 %) |
| Indoor Toilet | 289 (19 %) | 434 (29 %) |
| Other/Unknown | 6 (0.4 %) | 8 (1 %) |
| Electricity in the home | 799 (53 %) | 987 (66 %) |
| VDRL positive during pregnancy | 32 (2 %) | 25 (2 %) |
| 1st Hemoglobin during pregnancy (median) | 10.8 g/dl | 11.3 g/dl |
| Infant characteristics | HIV-exposed (N = 1515) | HIV-unexposed (N = 1518) |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 747 (49 %) | 775 (51 %) |
| Female | 768 (51 %) | 743 (49 %) |
| Delivery method | ||
| Vaginal | 1334 (88 %) | 1387 (91 %) |
| Elective Cesarean section | 21 (1 %) | 16 (1 %) |
| Emergency Cesarean section | 160 (11 %) | 115 (8 %) |
| Gestational age at Delivery | ||
| Very preterm (≤32 week) | 44 (3 %) | 12 (1 %) |
| Preterm (33–37 weeks) | 233 (15 %) | 180 (12 %) |
| Term (≥37 weeks) | 1228 (81 %) | 1316 (87 %) |
| Unknown | 10 (1 %) | 10 (1 %) |
| Birthweight | ||
| Very low birthweight (≤1500 g) | 2 (0.1 %) | 2 (0.1 %) |
| Low birthweight (1500–2500 g) | 252 (17 %) | 111 (7 %) |
| Normal birthweight (>2500 g) | 1261 (83 %) | 1405 (93 %) |
| Required NNU | 50 (3 %) | 33 (2 %) |