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. 2016 Jul 20;23:54. doi: 10.1186/s12929-016-0272-1

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© The Author(s). 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Enzymatic and structural properties of RIPs. a RIPs recognize α-sarcin/ricin loop (SRL), highlighted in grey, of rRNA 28S on ribosomes. Depurination of A₄₂₃₄ (see text) by N-glycosilase activity inhibits role of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) in the promotion of the GTP-dependent translocation of the nascent protein chain from the A-site to the P-site of the ribosome, with consequent arrest of protein synthesis. b Structural representation of type 1 RIPs (single enzymatic chain) and type 2 RIPs (dimeric protein consisting of an enzymatic chain and a lectin domain)