Table 1.
Mean (± SD) characteristics of the subjects
| Variable | At baseline (n = 96) | After 12 months (n = 96) | After 24 months (n = 96) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 11.9 ± 0.6 | 12.9 ± 0.6a | 13.9 ± 0.6a,b |
| Tanner stage 1/2/3/4/5 |
2.7 ± 0.6 0/40/48/8/0 |
3.3 ± 0.9a
0/17/47/22/10 |
3.9 ± 0.8a,b
0/3/24/42/25 |
| Height (cm) | 153.8 ± 7.4 | 161.5 ± 8.4a | 168.3 ± 8.3a,b |
| Body mass (kg) | 49.3 ± 16.0 | 55.9 ± 17.7a | 62.1 ± 18.8a,b |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 20.5 ± 5.2 | 21.1 ± 5.3a | 21.7 ± 5.3a,b |
| Fat mass (kg) | 13.4 ± 10.5 | 14.7 ± 11.2a | 15.1 ± 11.7a |
| Lean body mass (kg) | 33.2 ± 6.5 | 38.5 ± 8.3a | 43.7 ± 9.4a,b |
| WB_BMC (g) | 1721.1 ± 384.5 | 1986.7 ± 474.4a | 2265.9 ± 533.9a,b |
| WB_BMD (g/cm2) | 0.983 ± 0.069 | 1.018 ± 0.081a | 1.060 ± 0.098a,b |
| FN _BMD (g/cm2) | 0.895 ± 0.086 | 0.940 ± 0.103a | 0.985 ± 0.120a,b |
| LS _BMD (g/cm2) | 0.831 ± 0.097 | 0.890 ± 0.121a | 0.966 ± 0.147a,b |
| Leptin (ng/ml) | 7.1 ± 8.3 | 6.3 ± 7.2 | 5.4 ± 7.3 |
| Adiponectin (μg/ml) | 8.9 ± 4.7 | 10.5 ± 4.7a | 8.3 ± 4.4b |
| Osteocalcin (ng/ml) | 110.4 ± 37.6 | 136.4 ± 48.0a | 132.1 ± 44.6a |
| CTX (ng/ml) | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 0.5a | 1.9 ± 0.5a |
| MVPA (min/day) | 64.5 ± 23.5 | 60.4 ± 25.8 | 56.5 ± 26.1a |
| SED (min/day) | 537.2 ± 72.7 | 556.4 ± 78.8 | 574.0 ± 93.2a |
BMI body mass index, WB whole body, LS lumbar spine, FN femoral neck, BMD bone mineral density, BMC bone mineral content, CTX C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, MVPA moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, SED sedentary time
aSignificant changes from baseline
bSignificant changes after 12 months