Table 1.
HC (N=81) | Heroin (N=44) | Amphetamine (N=39) | Poly (N=58) | Test statistic (F) | Sig. | Post- hoc | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||
Demographic | |||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Age | 24.27 | 4.42 | 29.32 | 4.86 | 23.44 | 4.04 | 25.95 | 4.86 | 15.03 | 6.31E- 09 | a,d,e,f |
Gender (%Male) | 72.84 | 75.00 | 66.67 | 84.48 | 4.45 | n.s. | |||||
Education (yrs) | 13.80 | 2.27 | 12.61 | 2.36 | 13.10 | 2.36 | 12.83 | 1.87 | 3.62 | 0.014 | a,c |
IQ | 109.94 | 12.85 | 102.50 | 13.35 | 110.85 | 10.78 | 105.84 | 13.21 | 4.49 | 0.004 | a,d |
# of relatives with alcohol/drug problems | 0.42 | 0.79 | 0.66 | 0.86 | 0.54 | 0.68 | 0.86 | 0.83 | 3.63 | 0.014 | c |
| |||||||||||
Psychiatric | |||||||||||
| |||||||||||
History of Conduct Disorder (%) | 12.34 | 36.36 | 41.03 | 62.07 | 37.54 | 3.53E- 08 | a,b,c,e | ||||
History of ASPD (%) | 6.17 | 34.09 | 35.90 | 58.62 | 44.95 | 9.50E- 10 | a,b,c,e | ||||
Yrs of Heroin use | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.10 | 3.08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.89 | 4.97 | 71.39 | 2.00E- 16 | a,c,d,e,f |
Yrs of Amphetamine use | 0.69 | 2.42 | 0.16 | 0.94 | 3.98 | 2.42 | 2.90 | 2.98 | 26.25 | 2.01E- 14 | b,c,d,e |
Yrs of Alcohol use DSM-IV Past dependence | 8.53 | 4.75 | 10.90 | 5.53 | 7.85 | 4.04 | 10.07 | 5.23 | 3.55 | 0.015 | d |
Alcohol (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 22.41 | 44.43 | 1.22E- 09 | c,e,f | ||||
Sedatives (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.90 | 12.23 | 0.007 | |||||
Cannabis (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 82.76 | 150.36 | 2.20E- 16 | c,e,f | ||||
Amphetamine (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 67.24 | 156.23 | 2.20E- 16 | b,c,d,e,f | ||||
Opiates (%) | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 44.83 | 155.66 | 2.20E- 16 | a,c,d,e,f | ||||
Cocaine (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.90 | 12.87 | 0.005 | |||||
Hallucinogens (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.90 | 12.87 | 0.005 | |||||
Length of Abstinence(yrs) | 1.09 | 2.28 | 1.74 | 2.35 | 0.40 | 0.60 | 0.77 | 0.96 | 4.2 | 0.007 | d,e |
Fagerstrom Test of nicotine dependence | 1.41 | 2.10 | 4.27 | 2.71 | 2.62 | 2.41 | 4.57 | 2.97 | 22.2 | 1,39E- 12 | a,c,d,f |
Psychopathy Checklist (PCL:SV) Factor 1 | 2.12 | 2.10 | 4.73 | 2.58 | 3.13 | 2.58 | 4.88 | 2.68 | 18.71 | 7.78E- 11 | a,c,d,f |
Psychopathy Checklist (PCL:SV) Factor 2 | 2.57 | 2.44 | 7.16 | 2.82 | 5.00 | 2.76 | 7.67 | 2.65 | 52.23 | 2.00E- 16 | a,b,c,d,f |
Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) for ADHD | 21.90 | 11.58 | 30.98 | 16.20 | 26.28 | 13.51 | 32.10 | 15.40 | 7.41 | 9.53E- 05 | a,c |
Depression (BDI-II) | 5.67 | 5.70 | 8.61 | 5.75 | 6.54 | 4.89 | 8.84 | 7.72 | 3.95 | 0.009 | c |
Stait Anxiety | 31.86 | 7.12 | 36.32 | 8.51 | 32.15 | 6.57 | 35.76 | 8.28 | 5.20 | 0.002 | a,c |
Trait Anxiety | 36.30 | 8.42 | 40.25 | 9.53 | 38.87 | 9.31 | 42.29 | 10.01 | 5.04 | 0.002 | c |
Anxiety Sensitivity | 15.23 | 7.22 | 17.27 | 9.02 | 17.62 | 8.87 | 19.69 | 9.49 | 3.13 | 0.027 | c |
| |||||||||||
Personality | |||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Levenson’s Self-Report Psychopathy Scale | 35.52 | 8.67 | 37.70 | 9.95 | 37.87 | 6.87 | 39.78 | 7.37 | 3.00 | 0.032 | c |
BIS Nonplanning | 22.48 | 4.97 | 26.00 | 4.77 | 24.79 | 4.97 | 25.00 | 4.71 | 6.09 | 5.38E- 04 | a,c |
BIS Motor | 21.35 | 4.04 | 23.34 | 5.76 | 24.79 | 4.41 | 24.10 | 4.80 | 6.41 | 3.50E- 04 | b,c |
BIS Attention | 14.86 | 3.35 | 15.36 | 3.89 | 16.74 | 3.70 | 16.43 | 3.81 | 3.39 | 0.019 | b |
Buss-Warren Physical | 15.47 | 5.52 | 18.70 | 6.59 | 18.97 | 6.09 | 20.91 | 6.36 | 9.65 | 5.21E- 06 | a,b,c |
Buss-Warren Verbal | 14.67 | 3.75 | 15.09 | 3.21 | 15.51 | 3.46 | 15.67 | 3.37 | 1.09 | n.s. | |
Buss-Warren Anger | 15.00 | 3.69 | 16.91 | 3.92 | 16.46 | 3.15 | 17.64 | 4.32 | 5.87 | 7.12E- 04 | a,c |
Buss-Warren Hostility | 15.04 | 5.10 | 16.52 | 4.65 | 18.05 | 6.25 | 18.21 | 5.46 | 5.03 | 0.002 | b,c |
Buss-Warren Indirect | 13.17 | 4.44 | 15.23 | 4.45 | 14.44 | 3.89 | 16.09 | 4.23 | 5.63 | 0.001 | c |
UPPS Urgency | 21.93 | 6.07 | 27.50 | 6.28 | 24.97 | 5.86 | 28.10 | 6.75 | 13.54 | 3.91E- 08 | a,c |
UPPS Lack of Premeditation | 24.14 | 5.58 | 26.14 | 6.00 | 26.10 | 5.46 | 26.90 | 6.18 | 2.90 | 0.036 | a |
UPPS Lack of Perseverance | 19.07 | 4.76 | 21.20 | 4.74 | 20.59 | 5.70 | 21.26 | 5.28 | 2.78 | 0.042 | |
UPPS Sensation Seeking | 27.21 | 7.04 | 27.00 | 8.23 | 30.33 | 7.93 | 29.84 | 6.90 | 2.84 | 0.039 | |
SSS: Disinhibition | 4.33 | 2.50 | 4.66 | 2.84 | 6.08 | 2.16 | 5.78 | 2.22 | 6.66 | 2.53E- 04 | b,c,d |
SSS: Boredom Susceptibility | 3.22 | 1.87 | 3.70 | 2.15 | 4.26 | 2.21 | 4.03 | 2.06 | 2.97 | 0.033 | b |
SSS: Thrill and Adventure Seeking | 6.15 | 3.08 | 5.73 | 3.03 | 7.00 | 2.89 | 7.43 | 2.11 | 4.03 | 0.008 | c,e |
SSS: Experience Seeking | 5.37 | 2.00 | 5.34 | 2.07 | 6.49 | 1.59 | 6.34 | 1.83 | 5.5 | 0.001 | b,c,d,e |
| |||||||||||
Neurobehavioral | |||||||||||
| |||||||||||
IGT: ABCD | 4.86 | 26.37 | −0.59 | 25.98 | 2.64 | 28.04 | 3.02 | 25.94 | 0.41 | n.s. | |
IGT: EFGH | 18.51 | 38.94 | 10.93 | 32.54 | 11.18 | 37.76 | 20.24 | 36.86 | 0.87 | n.s. | |
SST %inhibition, 50ms | 93.02 | 9.70 | 94.77 | 6.73 | 92.05 | 9.23 | 88.97 | 14.01 | 2.90 | 0.036 | e |
SST %inhibition, 150ms | 76.67 | 18.17 | 76.14 | 13.46 | 72.44 | 20.68 | 74.57 | 19.27 | 0.54 | n.s. | |
SST %inhibition, 250ms | 52.53 | 20.83 | 50.34 | 15.94 | 52.31 | 24.06 | 47.59 | 23.49 | 0.69 | n.s. | |
SST %inhibition, 350ms | 30.37 | 18.60 | 25.80 | 12.80 | 33.33 | 17.07 | 31.72 | 20.87 | 1.41 | n.s. | |
IMT d′ | 1.22 | 0.50 | 1.03 | 0.46 | 1.17 | 0.43 | 1.04 | 0.58 | 2.18 | n.s. | |
IMT b | 0.80 | 0.30 | 0.83 | 0.35 | 0.76 | 0.29 | 0.84 | 0.34 | 0.58 | n.s. | |
IMT Commission Error (%) | 36.19 | 13.24 | 38.95 | 13.10 | 38.75 | 11.50 | 38.62 | 14.91 | 0.64 | n.s. | |
IMT Omission Error (%) | 22.32 | 12.31 | 26.38 | 15.63 | 20.89 | 10.97 | 26.29 | 15.53 | 2.05 | n.s. | |
Delay discounting rate (log(k)) | −3.11 | 1.20 | −2.88 | 1.01 | −2.45 | 0.86 | −2.91 | 0.94 | 3.51 | 0.016 | b |
BART pumps | 40.14 | 10.07 | 39.92 | 13.43 | 40.88 | 13.86 | 40.65 | 15.04 | 0.06 | n.s. | |
Go/Nogo False Positives | 14.49 | 8.15 | 16.55 | 8.44 | 16.74 | 6.57 | 18.17 | 10.09 | 2.19 | 0.090 | |
Go/Nogo False Negatives | 16.10 | 18.19 | 18.93 | 15.45 | 17.15 | 13.34 | 18.02 | 16.60 | 0.32 | n.s. | |
Go/Nogo d′ | 2.30 | 0.77 | 2.07 | 0.83 | 2.06 | 0.64 | 2.01 | 0.78 | 2.02 | n.s. | |
Go/Nogo b | 0.54 | 0.43 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.49 | 0.29 | 0.56 | 0.48 | 0.47 | n.s. | |
CGT Delay Aversion | 0.32 | 0.19 | 0.42 | 0.22 | 0.31 | 0.16 | 0.34 | 0.20 | 3.29 | 0.022 | a,d |
CGT Decision Time (msec) | 2314.61 | 650.45 | 2269.23 | 707.88 | 2510.87 | 714.98 | 2415.23 | 748.75 | 1.08 | n.s. | |
CGT Quality Decision Making | 0.87 | 0.14 | 0.85 | 0.17 | 0.87 | 0.12 | 0.87 | 0.12 | 0.39 | n.s. | |
CGT Risk Aversion | 0.99 | 0.86 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 1.03 | 0.89 | 0.71 | 0.66 | 1.63 | n.s. | |
CGT Risk Taking | 0.63 | 0.12 | 0.60 | 0.13 | 0.62 | 0.13 | 0.64 | 0.13 | 0.55 | n.s. |
Note. ASPD = Antisocial Personality Disorder; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; BIS = Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; SSS = Sensation-Seeking Scale; IGT = Iowa Gambling Task; SST = Stop Signal Task; IMT = Immediate Memory Task; CGT = Cambridge Gambling Task; n.s = non-significant (p > 0.10).
HC vs. Heroin groups is significantly different.
HC vs. Amphetamine groups is significantly different.
HC vs. Poly-substance groups is significantly different.
Heroin vs. Amphetamine groups is significantly different.
Heroin vs. Poly-substance groups is significantly different.
Amphetamine vs. Poly-substance groups is significantly different.