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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biomech Model Mechanobiol. 2016 Jan 19;15(5):1263–1277. doi: 10.1007/s10237-016-0758-5

Table 2.

Mechanical properties of middle ear soft tissues

Structure Parameters
Tympanic membrane
   Elastic modulus (MPa) :Pars tensa 200
     Pars flaccida 15
   Density (kg/m3) 1100
   Damping coefficient 1.00×10−4
Manubrium
   Elastic modulus (MPa) 800
   Density (kg/m3) 1200
   Damping coefficient 7.5×10−5
Incudostapedial (IS) joint
   Elastic modulus (MPa) 6
   Density (kg/m3) 1000
   Damping coefficient 7.5×10−5
Stapedial annular ligament (SAL)
   Elastic modulus (MPa) 0.1
   Density (kg/m3) 1000
   Damping coefficient 7.5×10−5
Anterior malleal ligament (AML)
   Elastic modulus (MPa) 3.2
   Density (kg/m3) 1000
   Damping coefficient 1.0×10−4
Posterior incudal ligament (PIL)
   Elastic modulus (MPa) 2.5
   Density (kg/m3) 1000
   Damping coefficient 7.5 ×10−4
Posterior stapedial tendon (PST)
   Elastic modulus (MPa) 2.0
   Density (kg/m3) 1000
   Damping coefficient 7.5×10−5
Tensor tympani tendon (TTT)
   Elastic modulus (MPa) 2.0
   Density (kg/m3) 1000
   Damping coefficient 7.5×10−5
Malleus-incus complex
   Elastic modulus (GPa) 14.1
   Density (kg/m3) 2000
   Mass (mg) 12.05
   Damping coefficient 1.5×10−4
Stapes
   Elastic modulus (GPa) 14.1
   Density (kg/m3) 1300
   Mass (mg) 0.55
   Damping coefficient 1.0×10−4