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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Subst Abuse Treat. 2016 May 8;68:11–23. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2016.04.005

Table 2.

Client baseline demographic and substance use variables by supervision condition.

Variable Condition
MIA: STEP
n = 227
SAU
n = 223
Female, n (%) 75 (33%) 78 (35%)
Mean (SD) age 35.5 (11.8) 35.4 (11.5)
Ethnicity, n (%)
 African-American 111 (49%) 96 (43%)
 Caucasian-American 59 (26%) 66 (30%)
 Hispanic-American 47 (21%) 48 (22%)
 Multiracial 6 (3%) 9 (4%)
 Other 1 (1%) 4 (2%)
Mean (SD) Years Education 12.0 (2.4) 12.2 (2.4)
Employment Status, n (%)
 Full-time 29 (13%) 30 (17%)
 Part-time 38 (17%) 42 (19%)
 Unemployed 160 (70%) 143 (64%)
Marital Status, n (%)
 Single 141 (62%) 133 (60%)
 Married or cohabitating 41 (18%) 40 (18%)
 Divorced, separated or widowed 45 (20%) 50 (22%)
Primary Substance Used Past 4 weeks, n (%)
 Alcohol 69 (30%) 73 (33%)
 Cannabis 80 (35%) 75 (34%)
 Cocaine 55 (24%) 51 (23%)
 Opioids 13 (6%) 16 (7%)
 Stimulants 1 (0.5%) 2 (1%)
 Benzodiazepines 1 (0.5%) 0
 Other 8 (4%) 6 (3%)
Mean (SD) Days Primary Substance Abstinence 14.8 (9.8) 14.6 (10.2)
Any Substance Used Past 4 Weeks, n (%)
 Alcohol 188 (83%) 168 (75%)
 Cannabis 129 (57%) 128 (57%)
 Cocaine 85 (37%) 84 (38%)
 Opioids 34 (15%) 35 (16%)
 Hallucinogens/PCP 25 (11%) 23 (10%)
 Stimulants 4 (2%) 2 (1%)
 Inhalants 1 (0.5%) 1 (0.5%)
Current DSM-IV Substance Use Disorder, n (%)
 Alcohol 89 (39%) 88 (39%)
 Cannabis 78 (34%) 79 (35%)
 Cocaine 62 (27%) 62 (28%)
 Opioids 14 (6%) 18 (8%)
 Hallucinogens/PCP 10 (4%) 5 (2%)
 Stimulants 1 (0.5%) 2 (1%)
Court-Mandated to Treatment 110 (48%) 112 (50%)
Mean Socrates – Primary Alcohol
 Recognition 26.9 (6.6) 26.6 (8.0)
 Ambivalence 15.1 (3.7) 14.2 (4.4)
 Taking Steps 31.9 (5.4) 31.1) (6.9)
Mean Socrates – Primary Drug
 Recognition 26.8 (7.9) 27.2 (7.3)
 Ambivalence 14.2 (4.4) 13.8 (4.4)
 Taking Steps 31.5 (6.4) 32.2 (6.2)

Note. MIA: STEP = Motivational Interviewing Assessment: Supervisory Tools for Enhancing Proficiency, SAU = Supervision-as-Usual. For the Any Substance Used Past 4 Weeks and DSM-IV Substance Use Disorder categories, the percentages in the both conditions exceed 100% because one clients could have been using multiple substances and have several concurrent disorders. There are no significant condition differences on the variables.