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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jul 21.
Published in final edited form as: J Addict Prev. 2015 Feb 9;2015(Suppl 1):10.13188/2330-2178.S100001. doi: 10.13188/2330-2178.S100001

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Summary of epigenetic modifications induced by amphetamine - Amphetamine (AMPH) has been shown to induce several epigenetic changes. For instance, acute AMPH treatments induce expression of c-fos gene, along with increased histone H4 acetylation at its promoter. On the other hand, chronic exposure reduces histone acetylation and represses c-fos expression by increasing expression of Kmt1a, a histone methyltransferase which increases H3K9 dimethylation at the c-fos promoter. Chronic AMPH treatments have also been shown to increase Dnmt1 expression, which is accompanied by a global increase in DNA methylation. Increased phosphorylation of MeCP2, a protein that associates with methylated DNA, is shown to occur via activation of D1-like dopamine receptors. Finally, several miRNAs are up and down regulated following chronic AMPH use.