Table 1.

Types of cells and injury subject to glycine cytoprotection

Cell types

Freshly isolated and primary cultured kidney proximal tubules [5, 17, 32–36, 90, 222, 259–262]

Medullary thick ascending limb of the isolated perfused kidney [37–39]

Permanent renal cell lines—MDCK, LLC-PK1, OK [40, 84, 85, 137]

Kidney mesangial cells (JMW unpublished data)

Endothelial—umbilical vein, aortic, hepatic sinusoidal [41–44, 263]

Hepatocytes—freshly isolated, primary culture, and cell lines [42, 45–49]

Peripheral macrophages—multiple types of primary cultures and cell lines [50–56, 161]

PC-12 cells [73]

Myocytes [71]

Injury types

Anoxia/hypoxia [5, 17, 33–35, 46, 48, 49, 259–261]

Mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors and uncouplers [34, 40, 45, 82, 260]

Calcium ionophores [40, 83, 84]

Oxidants

H2O2 [41, 85]

Menadione [86]

Cysteine conjugates [87]

Rewarming/reperfusion after cold storage [32, 47]

Agents/processes that alter plasma membrane permeability barriers

Pyroptosis due to intracellular bacterial infection and toxins [50–52, 54–56, 91]

Pore-forming peptides [44, 92, 168]

Activation of P2X7 receptors by ATP [53, 264]

Complement (JMW unpublished data)

Phosphate depletion [36]

Ouabain [23]

Cholesterol esterase [262]

Gabexate mesilate [263]

References are limited to studies with isolated cell models or isolated tissue systems where direct glycine cytoprotection is likely. Additional references are in the text