Table 3.
Ability of other amino acids and small molecules to reproduce glycine cytoprotection
| Strongly Protective |
| Glycine |
| L-Alanine [ 18, 33, 37, 39, 44, 45, 47 ] |
| β-Alanine [ 18, 37 ] |
| 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate—agonist at glycine-sensitive site on NMDA receptor [18, 38] |
| Weak/variably protective |
| d-Alanine [ 18, 37, 44, 45 ] |
| 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate—agonist at glycine-sensitive site on NMDA receptor [18, 38] |
| γ-Aminoisobutyric acid [18, 37, 39, 45] |
| l-Serine [ 18, 37 – 39, 47 ] |
| d-Serine [ 18, 38 ] |
| Consistently non-protective |
| l-Glutamate [ 5, 39 ] |
| l-Glutamine [ 33, 37, 39 ] |
| l-Cysteine [ 5, 39 ] |
| l-Taurine [ 18, 37, 38, 47 ] |
| l-Proline [ 18, 37, 44 ] |
| l-Valine [ 18, 44, 47 ] |
| Protective non-amino acids |
| Strychnine—glycine receptor antagonist [34, 46, 98, 104, 107, 145, 148] |
| Bicuculline—glycine and GABAA receptor antagonist [34, 145] |
| Norharmane—glycine receptor antagonist, benzodiazepine receptor agonist [34] |
| Avermectin B1a—GABAA receptor modulator and glycine receptor agonist [98] |
| Cyanotriphenylboron—GABAA and glycine receptor antagonist [98] |
| Muscimol—GABAA receptor agonist [111] |
| Allopregnanolone, pregnenolone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate—GABAA receptor modulators [111] |
| Chloride channel blockers—indanyloxyacetic acid, niflumic acid, N-phenylanthranilic acid, 5-nitro-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid, diphenylamine-2-carboxylate [46, 85, 116, 145, 267] |
Multiple direct comparisons of these compounds with each other and with other compounds that lack effects along with detailed concentration dependence considerations within the same models can be found in refs [18, 98, 111, 145]. References for glycine are not enumerated because virtually all studies include it. References cited are selected to be the earliest and most complete for multiple cell types where available