Table 4.
Subgroup analysis of metabolic effects on T2D patients consuming a high-MUFA diet compared with a high-CHO diet
| Metabolic parameter | Number of studies | Number of participants | WMD (95% CI)* | WMD (95% CI)† | I2 (%) | Phet |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c (%) |
||||||
| Age (years) |
||||||
| <60 |
9 |
765 |
−0.08 (−0.16, 0.01) |
−0.12 (−0.28, 0.05) |
59.2 |
0.006 |
| ≥60 |
3 |
121 |
−0.08 (−0.38, 0.23) |
−0.08 (−0.38, 0.23) |
0.0 |
0.671 |
| BMI (kg/m2) |
||||||
| <30 |
6 |
382 |
−0.34 (−0.52, −0.16) |
−0.21 (−0.50, 0.07) |
36.1 |
0.153 |
| ≥30 |
7 |
506 |
−0.01 (−0.10, 0.07) |
−0.01 (−0.10, 0.07) |
0.0 |
0.545 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) |
||||||
| <5† |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
| ≥5 |
4 |
240 |
−0.18 (−0.39, 0.02) |
−0.18 (−0.39, 0.02) |
0.0 |
0.561 |
| MUFA replacement (%)‡ |
||||||
| <15 |
8 |
580 |
−0.06 (−0.14, 0.02) |
−0.10 (−0.27, 0.07) |
58.2 |
0.010 |
| ≥15 |
4 |
71 |
−0.01 (−0.60, 0.59) |
−0.01 (−0.60, 0.59) |
0.0 |
0.787 |
| Trial time (weeks) |
||||||
| ≤6 |
7 |
135 |
0.03 (−0.29, 0.36) |
0.03 (−0.29, 0.36) |
63.6 |
0.003 |
| >6 |
7 |
790 |
−0.08 (−0.16, 0.00) |
−0.14 (−0.30, 0.02) |
0.0 |
0.955 |
| Study design |
||||||
| Parallel |
7 |
805 |
−0.08 (−0.16, 0.00) |
−0.13 (−0.30, 0.03) |
63.3 |
0.004 |
| Crossover |
7 |
120 |
0.00 (−0.31, 0.31) |
0.00 (−0.31, 0.31) |
0.0 |
0.924 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) |
||||||
| Age (years) |
||||||
| <60 |
15 |
713 |
−0.64 (−0.85, −0.43) |
−0.63 (−0.85, −0.41) |
5.9 |
0.387 |
| ≥60 |
5 |
375 |
−0.32 (−0.76, 0.12) |
−0.32 (−0.76, 0.12) |
0.0 |
0.627 |
| BMI (kg/m2) |
||||||
| <30 |
14 |
733 |
−0.64 (−0.89, −0.40) |
−0.64 (−0.89, −0.40) |
0.0 |
0.760 |
| ≥30 |
7 |
367 |
−0.49 (−0.77, −0.21) |
−0.40 (−0.82, 0.02) |
38.6 |
0.122 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) |
||||||
| <5 |
3 |
257 |
−0.90 (−1.36, −0.45) |
−0.90 (−1.36, −0.45) |
0.0 |
0.620 |
| ≥5 |
8 |
290 |
−0.69 (−1.01, −0.37) |
−0.69 (−1.01, −0.37) |
0.0 |
0.553 |
| MUFA replacement (%) |
||||||
| <15 |
9 |
625 |
−0.51 (−0.77, −0.24) |
−0.51 (−0.77, −0.24) |
1.2 |
0.430 |
| ≥15 |
9 |
188 |
−0.63 (−1.01, −0.25) |
−0.63 (−1.01, −0.25) |
0.0 |
0.931 |
| Trial time (weeks) |
||||||
| ≤6 |
15 |
302 |
−0.54 (−0.87, −0.21) |
−0.54 (−0.87, −0.21) |
0.0 |
0.901 |
| >6 |
7 |
825 |
−0.59 (−0.81, −0.37) |
−0.53 (−0.84, −0.23) |
40.6 |
0.087 |
| Study design |
||||||
| Parallel |
10 |
952 |
−0.58 (−0.79, −0.36) |
−0.54 (−0.81, −0.27) |
23.9 |
0.202 |
| Crossover |
12 |
175 |
−0.56 (−0.91, −0.21) |
−0.56 (−0.91, −0.21) |
0.0 |
0.783 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) |
||||||
| Age (years) |
||||||
| <60 |
11 |
558 |
−0.05 (−0.14, 0.03) |
−0.05 (−0.14, 0.03) |
0.0 |
0.969 |
| ≥60 |
4 |
174 |
0.45 (0.21, 0.69) |
0.38 (−0.08, 0.85) |
67.4 |
0.015 |
| BMI (kg/m2) |
||||||
| <30 |
10 |
182 |
0.26 (0.09, 0.43) |
0.23 (−0.02, 0.48) |
46.4 |
0.045 |
| ≥30 |
6 |
479 |
−0.06 (−0.15, 0.02) |
−0.06 (−0.15, 0.02) |
0.0 |
0.935 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) |
||||||
| <5† |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
| ≥5 |
6 |
263 |
−0.07 (−0.23, 0.09) |
−0.07 (−0.23, 0.09) |
0.0 |
0.747 |
| MUFA replacement (%) |
||||||
| <15 |
7 |
348 |
0.01 (−0.08, 0.11) |
0.11 (−0.10, 0.32) |
70.5 |
0.001 |
| ≥15 |
7 |
161 |
0.05 (−0.19, 0.29) |
0.05 (−0.19, 0.29) |
0.0 |
0.984 |
| Trial time (weeks) |
||||||
| ≤6 |
12 |
243 |
−0.01 (−0.17, 0.15) |
−0.01 (−0.17, 0.15) |
0.0 |
0.993 |
| >6 |
5 |
548 |
0.01 (−0.08, 0.09) |
0.10 (−0.10, 0.30) |
75.8 |
<0.001 |
| Study design |
||||||
| Parallel |
6 |
626 |
0.01 (−0.08, 0.10) |
0.11 (−0.09, 0.30) |
72.7 |
<0.001 |
| Crossover |
11 |
165 |
−0.02 (−0.18, 0.14) |
−0.02 (−0.18, 0.14) |
0.0 |
0.992 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) |
||||||
| Age (years) |
||||||
| <60 |
14 |
844 |
0.07 (0.04, 0.09) |
0.06 (0.02, 0.10) |
41.3 |
0.043 |
| ≥60 |
4 |
184 |
0.08 (−0.05, 0.22) |
0.08 (−0.05, 0.22) |
71.3 |
0.007 |
| BMI (kg/m2) |
||||||
| <30 |
12 |
534 |
0.07 (0.03, 0.11) |
0.07 (0.02, 0.12) |
24.4 |
0.197 |
| ≥30 |
7 |
506 |
0.07 (0.04, 0.10) |
0.06 (0.00, 0.11) |
66.8 |
0.002 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) |
||||||
| <5 |
3 |
257 |
0.08 (0.02, 0.13) |
0.08 (0.02, 0.13) |
0.0 |
0.812 |
| ≥5 |
6 |
265 |
0.11 (0.07, 0.15) |
0.08 (0.00, 0.15) |
57.0 |
0.030 |
| MUFA replacement (%) |
||||||
| <15 |
9 |
590 |
0.05 (0.02, 0.09) |
0.05 (0.00, 0.10) |
40.4 |
0.079 |
| ≥15 |
8 |
171 |
0.04 (−0.02, 0.10) |
0.04 (−0.02, 0.10) |
0.0 |
0.815 |
| Trial time (weeks) |
||||||
| ≤6 |
13 |
277 |
0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) |
0.04 (−0.15, 0.24) |
0.0 |
0.884 |
| >6 |
7 |
790 |
0.09 (0.06, 0.11) |
0.09 (0.03, 0.14) |
68.5 |
0.001 |
| Study design |
||||||
| Parallel |
9 |
900 |
0.08 (0.06, 0.11) |
0.08 (0.03, 0.13) |
65.9 |
0.001 |
| Crossover |
11 |
167 |
0.03 (−0.02, 0.08) |
0.03 (−0.02, 0.08) |
0.0 |
0.941 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) |
||||||
| Age (years) |
||||||
| <60 |
15 |
852 |
−0.28 (−0.36, −0.21) |
−0.29 (−0.43, −0.15) |
61.2 |
0.001 |
| ≥60 |
4 |
184 |
−0.49 (−0.82, −0.16) |
−0.52 (−0.97, −0.07) |
44.0 |
0.129 |
| BMI (kg/m2) |
||||||
| <30 |
13 |
542 |
−0.21 (−0.34, −0.09) |
−0.26 (−0.41, −0.10) |
18.1 |
0.257 |
| ≥30 |
7 |
506 |
−0.33 (−0.42, −0.24) |
−0.33 (−0.55, −0.12) |
74.8 |
<0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) |
||||||
| <5 |
3 |
257 |
−0.10 (−0.28, 0.08) |
−0.16 (−0.44, 0.12) |
37.3 |
0.203 |
| ≥5 |
7 |
273 |
−0.42 (−0.58, −0.26) |
−0.37 (−0.57, −0.17) |
26.5 |
0.217 |
| MUFA replacement (%) |
||||||
| <15 |
9 |
590 |
−0.24 (−0.33, −0.15) |
−0.26 (−0.44, −0.07) |
68.0 |
0.001 |
| ≥15 |
8 |
171 |
−0.31 (−0.52, −0.10) |
−0.31 (−0.52, −0.10) |
0.0 |
0.854 |
| Trial time (weeks) |
||||||
| ≤6 |
14 |
285 |
−0.26 (−0.41, −0.11) |
−0.26 (−0.41, −0.11) |
0.0 |
0.919 |
| >6 |
7 |
790 |
−0.30 (−0.39, −0.22) |
−0.36 (−0.57, −0.15) |
79.9 |
<0.001 |
| Study design |
||||||
| Parallel |
9 |
900 |
−0.31 (−0.39, −0.22) |
−0.37 (−0.56, −0.18) |
75.0 |
<0.001 |
| Crossover |
12 |
175 |
−0.23 (−0.39, −0.06) |
−0.23 (−0.39, −0.06) |
0.0 |
0.918 |
| Body weight (kg) |
||||||
| Age (years) |
||||||
| <60 |
11 |
741 |
−1.40 (−3.07, 0.27) |
−1.40 (−3.07, 0.27) |
0.0 |
1.000 |
| ≥60 |
4 |
312 |
−1.95 (−4.25, 0.35) |
−1.95 (−4.25, 0.35) |
0.0 |
0.987 |
| BMI (kg/m2) |
||||||
| <30 |
10 |
589 |
−1.64 (−3.26, −0.03) |
−1.64 (−3.26, −0.03) |
0.0 |
1.000 |
| ≥30 |
6 |
476 |
−1.39 (−3.75, 0.98) |
−1.39 (−3.75, 0.98) |
0.0 |
0.892 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) |
||||||
| <5 |
3 |
241 |
−1.53 (−4.09, 1.04) |
−1.53 (−4.09, 1.04) |
0.0 |
0.931 |
| ≥5 |
4 |
223 |
−1.69 (−4.38, 1.00) |
−1.69 (−4.38, 1.00) |
0.0 |
0.983 |
| MUFA replacement (%) |
||||||
| <15 |
8 |
724 |
−1.73 (−3.33, −0.12) |
−1.73 (−3.33, −0.12) |
0.0 |
0.989 |
| ≥15 |
5 |
51 |
−0.26 (−4.94, 4.42) |
−0.26 (−4.94, 4.42) |
0.0 |
0.999 |
| Trial time (weeks) |
||||||
| ≤6 |
8 |
111 |
−0.28 (−3.57, 3.01) |
−0.28 (−3.57, 3.01) |
0.0 |
1.000 |
| >6 |
7 |
954 |
−1.81 (−3.27, −0.35) |
−1.81 (−3.27, −0.35) |
0.0 |
0.976 |
| Study design |
||||||
| Parallel |
8 |
970 |
−1.78 (−3.23, −0.34) |
−1.78 (−3.23, −0.34) |
0.0 |
0.986 |
| Crossover | 8 | 95 | −0.29 (−3.75, 3.17) | −0.29 (−3.75, 3.17) | 0.0 | 1.000 |
Values in boldface type indicate statistical significance at P < 0.05.
*Calculated using a fixed-effects model.
†Calculated using a random-effects model.
‡Indicates % energy difference from MUFA in the intervention and control arms.