Table 2. Univariable generalized estimating equations models predicting stunting, wasting and underweight at three time points during infancy^a.

Covariate	Reference	Stuntingb		Wastingc		Underweightd
		OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
Sex (male)	Female	1.78 (1.12, 2.85)	0.015	1.27 (0.88, 1.83)	0.20	2.07 (1.37, 3.11)	<0.001
Gestational age, wk		0.69 (0.61, 0.79)	<0.001	0.98 (0.85, 1.14)	0.81	0.70 (0.62, 0.80)	<0.001
Low birthweight (LBW)e	Non-LBW	3.82 (2.29, 6.37)	<0.001	2.12 (1.35, 3.33)	0.001	4.30 (2.58, 7.16)	<0.001
Small for gestational age (SGA)f	Non-SGA	2.98 (1.88, 4.72)	<0.001	1.73 (1.16, 2.58)	0.008	2.90 (1.88, 4.47)	<0.001
Feeding (breastfeeding or bottle formula)	Exclusively breastfeeding	2.30 (1.38, 3.81)	0.001	0.97 (0.53, 1.76)	0.92	1.46 (0.86, 2.46)	0.16
Maternal age (≥30 y old)	<30 years old	1.05 (0.65, 1.71)	0.83	1.71 (1.18, 2.49)	0.005	1.63 (1.09, 2.44)	0.018
Maternal height, cm		0.95 (0.92, 0.99)	0.007	0.99 (0.96, 1.03)	0.59	0.95 (0.91, 0.99)	0.008
Maternal body mass index, kg/m2		0.98 (0.91, 1.05)	0.56	0.97 (0.91, 1.04)	0.44	0.97 (0.91, 1.03)	0.34
Maternal weight, kg		0.97 (0.94, 1.00)	0.035	0.98 (0.96, 1.01)	0.22	0.96 (0.94, 0.99)	0.008
Maternal education (<high school)	≥high school	1.16 (0.74, 1.80)	0.52	1.50 (1.04, 2.16)	0.031	1.43 (0.96, 2.12)	0.08

^aValues are odds ratios (ORs) [95% confidence intervals (CIs)], n = 357.

^bDefined as length-for-age Z score <-2.0.

^cDefined as weight-for-length Z score <-2.0.

^dDefined as weight-for-age Z score <-2.0.

^eDefined as birthweight <2.5kg.

^fDefined as birthweight <10^th percentile for gestational age.