Table 3. Multivariable generalized estimating equations models predicting stunting, wasting and underweight during infancy^a.

Covariate	Reference	Stuntingb		Wastingc		Underweightd
		OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
Low birthweight (LBW) Model
Sex (male)	Female	2.06 (1.24, 3.42)	0.005			2.21 (1.41, 3.45)	<0.001
Gestational age, wke		0.72 (0.63, 0.83)	<0.001			0.74 (0.65, 0.85)	<0.001
LBWf	Non-LBW	2.64 (1.53, 4.53)	<0.001	2.33 (1.47, 3.70)	<0.001	3.76 (2.21, 6.40)	<0.001
Feeding (breastfeeding or bottle formula)	Exclusively breastfeeding	2.46 (1.44, 4.20)	0.001
Maternal age (≥30 y old)	<30 years old			1.73 (1.18, 2.52)	0.005	1.88 (1.23, 2.86)	0.003
Maternal height, cm		0.95 (0.91, 0.99)	0.007
Maternal education (<high school)	≥high school			1.56 (1.08, 2.27)	0.019	1.52 (1.01, 2.31)	0.047
Small for gestational age (SGA) Model
Sex (male)	Female	1.81 (1.13, 2.89)	0.014			2.01 (1.33, 3.04)	0.001
SGAg	Non-SGA	2.60 (1.62, 4.19)	<0.001	1.75 (1.16, 2.64)	0.007	2.82 (1.81, 4.37)	<0.001
Feeding (breastfeeding or bottle formula)	Exclusively breastfeeding	2.27 (1.36, 3.79)	0.002
Maternal age (≥30 y old)	<30 years old			1.70 (1.17, 2.48)	0.006	1.73 (1.15, 2.61)	0.009
Maternal height, cm		0.95 (0.92, 0.99)	0.017
Maternal education (<high school)				1.47 (1.02, 2.13)	0.040

^aLBW and SGA models were built with low birthweight and small-for-gestational age as primary predictor respectively. Values are odds ratios (ORs) [95% confidence intervals (CIs)], n = 357. Maternal height was considered in the multivariable model for stunting, and maternal body mass index for wasting and underweight.

^bDefined as length-for-age Z score <-2.0.

^cDefined as weight-for-length Z score <-2.0.

^dDefined as weight-for-age Z score <-2.0.

^eEvaluated only for LBW model.

^fBirthweight < 2.5 kg.

^gDefined as birthweight <10^th percentile for gestational age.