Table 2. Description of socio demographic data and lifestyle characteristics (N = 257).
| Details | Frequency, N (%) |
|---|---|
| (A) Socio-demographic data | |
| Age group | |
| ≤30 | 99 (38.5) |
| >30 | 158 (61.5) |
| Gender¥ | |
| Male | 101 (39.8) |
| Female | 153 (60.2) |
| Marital status¥ | |
| Single | 23 (13.1) |
| Ever Married | 153 (86.9) |
| Tribe | |
| Negrito | 111 (43.2) |
| Proto Malay | 12 (4.7) |
| Senoi | 134 (52.1) |
| Education¥ | |
| No formal education | 54 (38.6) |
| Primary | 64 (45.7) |
| Secondary | 22 (15.7) |
| Occupation¥ | |
| Professional & Skilled worker | 13 (9.3) |
| Non-skilled worker | 55 (39.3) |
| Unemployed | 72 (51.4) |
| Income¥ | |
| ≤ RM500 | 120 (86.3) |
| > RM500 | 19 (13.7) |
| Household member¥ | |
| 1–3 | 26 (19.4) |
| 4–6 | 57 (42.5) |
| 7–9 | 39 (29.1) |
| ≥10 | 12 (9.0) |
| House Type¥ | |
| Terrace/ Link House Primary | 1 (1.0) |
| Detached/ Single House | 102 (99.0) |
| House material¥ | |
| Bamboo | 16 (18.8) |
| Wood | 39 (45.9) |
| Brick/ Cement | 30 (35.3) |
| Source of drinking water¥ | |
| Government pipe | 101 (73.7) |
| Well/river | 36 (26.3) |
| Source of water for bathing and washing¥ | |
| Government pipe | 77 (61.6) |
| Well/river | 48 (38.4) |
| (B) Lifestyle characteristic | |
| Swimming in river/stream¥ | |
| Never/Rarely | 77 (55.4) |
| Sometimes/ Often | 62 (44.6) |
| Fishing in river/stream¥ | |
| Never/Rarely | 67 (48.2) |
| Sometimes/ Often | 72 (51.8) |
| Hunting¥ | |
| Never/Rarely | 111 (79.9) |
| Sometimes/ Often | 28 (51.8) |
| Smoking history¥ | |
| Ex-smoker | 13 (9.4) |
| Non-smoker | 89 (64.0) |
| Currently smoker | 37 (26.6) |
| Alcohol consumption¥ | |
| Never/Rarely | 137 (98.6) |
| Sometimes/ Often | 2 (1.4) |
| Contact with domestic animals: | |
| Cat¥ | |
| No | 85 (61.2) |
| Yes | 14 (38.8) |
| Dog¥ | |
| No | 119 (85.6) |
| Yes | 20 (14.4) |
| Bird¥ | |
| No | 129 (92.8) |
| Yes | 10 (7.2) |
| Cow¥ | |
| No | 140 (100.0) |
| Yes | - |
| Goat¥ | |
| No | 138 (99.3) |
| Yes | 1 (0.7) |
| Pig ¥ | |
| No | 138 (99.3) |
| Yes | 1 (0.7) |
| Chicken/Duck¥ | |
| No | 68 (48.9) |
| Yes | 71 (51.1) |
| Contact with wild animals: | |
| Wild pig¥ | |
| No | 118 (84.9) |
| Yes | 21 (15.1) |
| Monkey¥ | |
| No | 120 (86.3) |
| Yes | 7 (15.1) |
| Wild Bird¥ | |
| No | 124 (86.3) |
| Yes | 7 (13.7) |
| Reporting pest problems in the house: | |
| Flies¥ | |
| No | 74 (53.2) |
| Yes | 65 (46.8) |
| Cockroaches¥ | |
| No | 84 (60.4) |
| Yes | 25 (39.6) |
| Mice/Rodents¥ | |
| No | 100 (71.9) |
| Yes | 19 (28.1) |
| Practices: | |
| Boil water before drink¥ | |
| Never/Rarely | 2 (1.6) |
| Sometimes/Often | 122 (98.4) |
| Using same glass or cup¥ | |
| Never/Rarely | 81 (65.3) |
| Sometimes/Often | 43 (34.7) |
| Using same dish or bowl without washing it first¥ | |
| Never/Rarely | 91 (73.4) |
| Sometimes/Often | 33 (26.6) |
| Hand washing before meals¥ | |
| Never/Rarely | 2 (1.6) |
| Sometimes/Often | 121 (98.4) |
| Hand washing after toilet use¥ | |
| Never/Rarely | 2 (1.7) |
| Sometimes/Often | 119 (98.3) |
| Hand washing with soap¥ | |
| Never/Rarely | 1 (0.8) |
| Sometimes/Often | 122 (99.2) |
| Walk barefoot outside the house¥ | |
| Never/Rarely | 55 (44.7) |
| Sometimes/Often | 68 (55.3) |
| Eat fiber food¥ | |
| Never/Rarely | 16 (12.9) |
| Sometimes/Often | 108 (87.1) |
| Eat red meat¥ | |
| Never/Rarely | 78 (62.9) |
| Sometimes/Often | 46 (37.1) |
| Eat poultry products¥ | |
| Never/Rarely | 43 (34.7) |
| Sometimes/Often | 81 (65.3) |
| Eat fish/ seafood¥ | |
| Never/Rarely | 29 (23.4) |
| Sometimes/Often | 82 (76.6) |
| Eat raw vegetables¥ | |
| Never/Rarely | 75 (61.0) |
| Sometimes/Often | 48 (39.0) |
| Eat raw meat¥ | |
| Never/Rarely | 118 (95.2) |
| Sometimes/Often | 6 (4.8) |
| Drink milk¥ | |
| Never/Rarely | 42 (33.9) |
| Sometimes/Often | 82 (66.1) |
| Drink coffee¥ | |
| Never/Rarely | 45 (36.3) |
| Sometimes/Often | 79 (63.7) |
| Drink tea¥ | |
| Never/Rarely | 26 (21.0) |
| Sometimes/Often | 98 (79.0) |
¥number of respondents less than 257 due to non-response