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. 2016 Jun 13;12:1744806916656382. doi: 10.1177/1744806916656382

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© The Author(s) 2016

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 5. — GJG inhibited the expression of TNF-α in Iba1-positive microglia in the ipsilateral dorsal horn. (a) Immunohistochemical images of Iba1 and TNF-α in the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord on day 3 post-operation. Left panels show Iba1-positive cells (deep red). Middle panels show TNF-α-positive cells (green). Right panels showed merged images of Iba1 (deep red) and TNF-α (green). Merged images of double-stained cells indicated that TNF-α was localized in Iba1-positive cells (yellow). The white arrowheads indicate Iba1/TNF-α double-positive cells. Confocal images were taken at 40 × magnification. Scale bar = 100 µm. (b) Histogram of the mean percentage value of the number of Iba1/TNF-α-positive cells in the superficial laminae of the ipsilateral dorsal horn in each mouse group. The average numbers of Iba1-positive cells/10⁴µm² were 14.7 ± 7.2 in Sham, 27.4 ± 3.7 in CCI and 22.2 ± 4.5 in CCI + GJG. The average numbers of both Iba1-positive and TNF-α-positive cells/10⁴µm² were 3.9 ± 1.6 in Sham, 19.9 ± 4.2 in CCI and 9.7 ± 1.8 in CCI + GJG. Each data point represents the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey's HSD post hoc analyses (***p < 0.0001 and **p < 0.01 indicates a significant difference between the Sham group versus the CCI group and between the CCI group versus the GJG-treated CCI group; n = 3).