. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: Semin Neurol. 2016 May 23;36(3):288–297. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1582132

Table 1.

Targeted anti-inflammatory therapies tested in early-phase clinical trials for the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage

Medication	Target(s)	Proposed mechanism	Trial results
Dexamethasone	Glucocorticoid receptor agonist	Inhibition of NF-κB, proapoptotic effect on lymphocytes	Mixed results in safety of patients due to hyperglycemia^122,123
Anakinra	IL-1 receptor antagonist	Inhibition of activation of microglia, neutrophils, and macrophages	No specific safety concerns in patients with ICH (n = 5)¹²⁴
Celecoxib	Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor	Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis	Reduced perihematomal edema and ICH expansion¹²⁵
Fingolimod (FTY720)	Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor blockade	Reduction in circulating lymphocytes	Reduced edema at day 7 and 14 in treated patients; improved neurologic outcomes at days 7, 14, and 30¹²⁶
Pioglitazone	PPAR γ agonist	Activation of antioxidative pathways	Trial evaluating safety and tolerability completed; results pending¹²⁷
Deferoxamine	Iron chelator	Prevention of iron induced oxidative injury	Trial evaluating safety and tolerability in progress¹²⁸

Abbreviations: ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; IL-1, interleukin 1; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.