Table 1.
Racial/Ethnic differences in Potential Contributors to Long-term Morbidity
| NHW | Hispanics | African Americans | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes* | N, % | OR, 95% CI | N, % | OR, 95% CI | N, % | OR, 95% CI |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||
| Annual household income <20,000 | 2783, 15.6% | ref | 369, 24.4% | 1.6 (1.5–1.8), p<0.001 | 493, 40.2% | 3.5 (3.1–3.9), p<0.001 |
| Education < high school | 3007, 15.6% | ref | 420, 24.0% | 1.3 (1.1–1.5), p<0.001 | 350, 23.9% | 1.5 (1.3–1.7), p<0.001 |
| With health insurance | 17228, 87.4% | ref | 1201, 73.6% | 0.5 (0.5–0.6), p<0.001 | 1036, 76.5% | 0.7 (0.6–0.8), p<0.001 |
| Risky health behaviors, adjusted for education and income | ||||||
| Current smokers | 2797, 16.4% | ref | 196, 13.5% | 0.6 (0.6–0.8), p<0.001 | 162, 13.1% | 0.5 (0.5–0.6), p<0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption (binge drinking) | 6344, 39.6% | ref | 535, 39.4% | 1.1 (1.0–1.2), p=0.07 | 264, 23.7% | 0.5 (0.5–0.6), p <0.001 |
| Physically inactive# | 4175, 47.4% | ref | 207, 48.5% | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) p=0.8 | 213, 60.0% | 1.6 (1.3–2.0), p <0.001 |
| Healthcare utilization, adjusted for education, income, and insurance | ||||||
| General Physical exam | 12511, 71.8% | ref | 1101, 70.4% | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) p=0.1 | 918, 71.3% | 1.2 (1.0–1.4), p=0.02 |
| Cancer-related care | 7376, 41.7% | ref | 641, 43.6% | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) p=0.8 | 461, 39.1% | 0.7 (0.6–0.8), p <0.001 |
| Surveillance for long-term toxicities, adjusted for education, income, and insurance | ||||||
| Mammography in chest-irradiated women | 1043, 65.0% | ref | 67, 52.3% | 0.9 (0.5–1.4) p=0.6 | 29, 40.3% | 0.6 (0.3–1.1), p=0.09 |
| Echo in anthracycline-exposed survivors | 4845, 79.5% | ref | 503, 78.8% | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) p=0.6 | 365, 75.9% | 0.8 (0.6–0.9), p=0.01 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Obesity | 3735, 19.8% | ref | 426, 25.1% | 1.6 (1.4–1.7), p<0.001 | 381, 26.9% | 1.6 (1.4–1.8), p<0.001 |
| Hypertension | 2906, 14.9% | ref | 234, 13.1% | 1.1 (0.9–1.2), 0.3 | 259, 17.1% | 1.3 (1.2–1.5), p<0.001 |
| Key Outcomes | ||||||
| Diabetes | 647, rate=2.0 | ref | 74, rate=2.9 | 1.7 (1.4–2.1), p<0.001 | 83, rate=3.9 | 2.3 (1.9–2.9), p<0.001 |
| DiabetesΩ | 647, rate=2.0 | ref | 74, rate=2.9 | 1.4 (1.1–1.8), p=0.003 | 83, rate=3.9 | 1.9 (1.5–2.3), p<0.001 |
| Long-term outcomes | ||||||
| Stroke | 382, rate=1.2 | ref | 30, rate=1.2 | 0.9, (0.6–1.3), p=0.6 | 44, rate=2.0 | 1.9, (1.4–2.5), p=0.01 |
| StrokeΩ | 382, rate=1.2 | ref | 30, rate=1.2 | 0.8, (0.5–1.1), p=0.2 | 44, rate=2.0 | 1.5, (1.1–2.0), p=0.01 |
| Mortality† | ||||||
| All-cause late mortality | 2087, rate=6.5 | ref | 160, rate=6.6 | RR=1.0, 95% CI, 0.9–1.2, p=0.9 | 163, rate=7.7 | RR=1.2, 95% CI, 1.0–1.4, p=0.01 |
| All-cause late mortalityδ | 2087, rate=6.5 | ref | 160, rate=6.6 | RR=0.9, 95%CI, 0.8–1.0, p=0.1 | 163, rate=7.7 | RR=1.0, 95% CI, 0.8–1.1, p=0.7 |
*
Besides the adjustments specified in the table, all models additionally adjusted for age and sex.
#
Used only original cohort who had detailed measurement on physical activity in Fu2003 and Fu2007.
†
Rate=number of events per 1000 person years, RR=rate ratio.
Ω
adjusted for socioeconomic characteristics, risky health behaviors, healthcare utilization and obesity
δ
adjusted for socioeconomic characteristics, health behaviors, and healthcare utilization