Table 2.
Cross-sectional analysis of risk factors for elevated ALTa levels in Wave 1 (2004 – 2007) and Wave 2 (2011 – 2013). (N= 1,462)
| Wave 1
|
Wave 2
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1b | Model 2b | Model 3b | Model 1b | Model 2b | Model 3b | |
|
|
|
|||||
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Sex | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 2.8 (2.1 – 3.7)** | 2.6(1.9 – 3.5)** | 2.3 (1.7 – 3.2)** | 1.8 (1.3 – 2.5)** | 1.7 (1.2 – 2.3)** | 1.7 (1.2 – 2.4)** |
| Age | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| ≤ 39 | 1.7 (1.0 – 2.7)* | 2.1(1.3 – 3.5)** | 2.1 (1.3 –3.8)** | 2.5 (1.5 – 4.1)** | 2.8 (1.7 – 4.6)** | 2.7 (1.6 – 4.7)** |
| 40–59 | 1.9 (1.2 – 3.0)** | 2.0 (1.2 – 3.2)** | 2.0 (1.2 – 3.4)** | 2.4 (1.6 – 3.5)** | 2.4 (1.6 – 3.6)** | 2.4 (1.5 – 3.6)** |
| ≥ 60 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| BMIe | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Overweight | 3.0 (2.0 – 4.4)** | 2.9 (2.0 – 4.3)** | 2.9 (2.0 – 4.3)** | 2.7 (1.8 – 4.1)** | 2.8 (1.8 – 4.2)** | 2.8 (1.8 – 4.2)** |
| Obese | 6.6 (4.3 – 9.9)** | 6.9 (4.5 – 10.4)** | 6.6 (4.3 – 10.1)* | 4.5 (2.9 – 7.0)** | 4.8 (3.0 – 7.4)** | 4.7 (3.0 – 7.4)** |
| Diabetesf | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 2.4 (1.5 – 3.7)** | 2.1 (1.3 – 3.5)** | 2.1 (1.3 – 3.5)** | 1.9 (1.3 – 2.7)** | 1.9 (1.3 – 2.8)** | 1.9 (1.3 – 2.9)** |
| Metabolic Syndromeg | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 2.4 (1.8 – 3.1)** | 1.7 (1.2 – 2.3)** | 1.7 (1.2 – 2.3)** | 1.8 (1.3 – 2.4)** | 1.3 (1.0 – 1.9) | 1.3 (1.0 – 1.9) |
| Alcoholh | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Nondrinker/Moderate | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Heavy/Binge | 2.4 (1.7 – 3.2)** | 1.4 (1.0 – 2.1)* | 1.5 (1.0 – 2.1)* | 1.6 (1.0 – 2.5) | 1.1 (0.7 –1.9) | 1.2 (0.7 – 2.0) |
Elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was defined as ALT > 40 IU/L for males and females.
Model 1: Unadjusted
Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, BMI
Model 3: Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, alcohol, education
Body mass index (BMI) was defined as normal <25 kg/m2, overweight between 25–30 kg/m2, or obese ≥30 kg/m2.
Diabetes status was determined based on participant’s medical history, current use of diabetes medications, and/or a plasma glucose level > 125 mg/dL.
We defined Metabolic Syndrome according to the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III).
Alcohol intake was defined as follows: nondrinkers- no history of drinking, moderate- 1 drink a day for females and 1–2 drinks per day for males, heavy- 2–4 drinks per day for females and 3–4 for males, binge- 5 or more drinks per day for both females and males. Participants missing alcohol data in Wave 2 (n= 347).
P < 0.01 for test of null hypothesis that the odds ratio is equal to the odds ratio in the reference category.
P < 0.05 for test of null hypothesis that the odds ratio is equal to the odds ratio in the reference category.