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Proposed mechanism of DX-induced TGF-α expression. DX binds GR in the cytosol, which, in turn, activates intracellular signaling proteins, such as ERK, PI3K and PKA. This is followed by the activation of transcription factors, including NF-κB, leading to increased TGF-α expression. The activation of YY1 by Mn represses TGF-α activity, in turn, leading to neurotoxic effects secondary to the inhibition the neuroprotective effects of TGF-α.
