Table 1.
Causes of pathologic atraumatic splenic rupture
| Abnormal coagulation | Therapeutic anticoagulation |
| - Heparin | |
| - Oral warfarin, rivaroxaban | |
| - Systemic tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) thrombolysis | |
| Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura | |
| Platelet deficiencies | |
| Uremia - haemodialysis | |
| Infections | Malaria |
| Mononucleosis from Epstein–Barr virus infection | |
| Endocarditis | |
| Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection | |
| Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection | |
| Typhoid fever | |
| Babesiosis | |
| Dengue fever | |
| Non-infectious inflammatory disorders | Systemic lupus erythematosus |
| Polyarteritis nodosa | |
| Haematologic malignancies | Acute and chronic myelogenous leukaemia |
| Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia | |
| Waldenstrom’s disease | |
| Solid malignancies | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma |
| Hodgkin’s disease | |
| Splenic metastases | |
| Splenic angiosarcoma | |
| Miscellaneous | Pregnancy |
| Acute pancreatitis | |
| Vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome | |
| Amyloidosis | |
| Ruptured benign splenic lesions (cyst, infarction, hamartoma, hemangioma, peliosis) |