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. 2016 May 10;31:603–611. doi: 10.1007/s10654-016-0155-5

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© The Author(s) 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 1 — Direct Acyclic Diagram (DAG) depicting the causal relationships between deprivation and survival status in breast cancer patients. Year of diagnosis and region are considered as baseline confounders, with potentially an arrow to each node in the diagram, and thus are not shown in this DAG