TABLE 1.
Summary of the abundances and insulin responses of the different intermediaries in the insulin-signaling network, normally and in T2D
Steady-state levels of phosphorylation and glucose uptake, determined at maximal insulin concentrations, are presented as -fold increase over non-diabetic controls at basal (without insulin) conditions. contr, non-diabetic controls; ND, not determined; no-ss, no steady-state; ns, not significantly different. Data are from Refs. 23–26 and 31 and herein.
| Sensitivity EC50 |
Response time t½ |
Steady-state level |
Total abundance of corresponding protein in T2D | Refs. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| contr | T2D | contr | T2D | contr | T2D | |||
| nm insulin | min | -fold over basal contr | % of contr | |||||
| IR-Tyr(P) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ND | 4.3 | 1.5 | 55 | 25, 31 |
| IRS1-Tyr(P) | 0.3 | 2.0 | 1.0 | ND | 2.6 | 1.0 | ns | 23, 25, 31 |
| IRS1-Ser(P)307 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 4.4 | 1.9 | 25 | |
| PKB-Thr(P)308 | 0.3 | 0.4 | ND | ND | 5.0 | 5.0 | ns | 25, herein |
| PKB-Ser(P)473 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 25 | |
| AS160-Thr(P)642 | 0.02 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.9 | 1.3 | 45 | 25, herein |
| Glucose transport | 0.04 | 0.2 | ND | ND | 2.1 | 1.0 | 50 | 25 |
| S6K1-Thr(P)389 | ND | ND | 7.5 | 7.5 | 4.1 | 2.6 | ns | 24, 25 |
| S6-Ser(P)235/236 | 0.3 | ND | 15 | 4.3 | 2.5 | 48 | 25, herein | |
| ERK1/2-Thr(P)202/Tyr(P)204 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 2.5 | 2.5 | no-ss | no-ss | ns | 26 |
| Elk1-Ser(P)383 | ND | ND | 5 | no-ss | no-ss | ns | 26 | |
| FOXO1-Ser(P)256 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 5 | 5 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 55 | Herein |