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Reasons for article retraction*
| Reason for retraction | n |
|---|---|
| Fraud | 29 |
| Plagiarism | 25 |
| Duplicate | 20 |
| Error | 14 |
| Peer review process manipulation | 8 |
| No ethics approval | 7 |
| No reason given | 3 |
| Data ownership/Copyright issue | 3 |
| Other | 5 |
Two studies counted as both plagiarism and fraud, one study counted in both fraud and other. One study counted in both plagiarism and duplication
