Figure 1. Locations of the sites used in this study.

Circles represent Deep Sea Drilling Project/Ocean Drilling Program (DSDP/ODP) drilling sites, and squares indicate the University of Tokyo piston core sites. Sites filled in black are age-constrained and were thus used for reconstruction of the spatiotemporal distribution of independent components (ICs). White lines indicate tracks of each site, with tiny circles marking palaeopositions of each site in 5 Myr steps. Sites with red and blue labels indicate representative high-IC1 and high-IC4 sediments, respectively. Bathymetric data are from ETOPO2v2 (NOAA National Geophysical Data Center, 2006; https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/etopo2.html). This map was created by using Generic Mapping Tools software ( https://www.soest.hawaii.edu/gmt/), Version 4.5.8 ⁵⁹, and GPlates software³⁰,³¹ ( http://www.gplates.org), Version 1.2.0.