Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and metabolic characteristics of the population by region and country
| All Mosaic cohort | LA | Non-LA countries | p | Argentina | Brazil | México | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age, years (SD) | 61.77 (11.02) | 61.99 (11.21) | 61.74 (10.99) | 0.6326 | 65.48 (10.55) | 61.03 (9.51) | 60.00 (12.26) | <0.0001 |
| Gender—females, n (%) | 2176 (50.1 %) | 293 (56.2 %) | 1883 (49.3 %) | 0.0029 | 76 (47.5 %) | 100 (64.5 %) | 117 (56.8 %) | 0.0095 |
| Education | ||||||||
| Primary school, n (%) | 1291 (29.7 %) | 251 (48.2 %) | 1040 (27.2 %) | <0.0001 | 83 (51.9 %) | 65 (41.9 %) | 103 (50.0 %) | 0.0474 |
| High school or more, n (%) | 2715 (62.5 %) | 235 (45.1 %) | 2480 (64.9 %) | 69 (43.1 %) | 69 (44.5 %) | 97 (47.1 %) | ||
| Insurance | ||||||||
| Private, n (%) | 917 (21.1 %) | 134 (25.7 %) | 783 (20.5 %) | 0.0223 | 56 (35.0 %) | 48 (31.0 %) | 30 (14.6 %) | <0.0001 |
| Public, n (%) | 2229 (51.3 %) | 247 (47.4 %) | 1982 (51.9 %) | 65 (40.6 %) | 76 (49.0 %) | 106 (51.5 %) | ||
| Uninsured, n (%) | 848 (19.5 %) | 103 (19.8 %) | 745 (19.5 %) | 35 (21.9 %) | 16 (10.3 %) | 52 (25.2 %) | ||
| Mean diabetes duration, years (SD) | 12.65 (7.98) | 13.52 (8.77) | 12.54 (7.87) | 0.0083 | 13.71 (9.77) | 13.46 (7.78) | 13.42 (8.69) | 0.9492 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| MI or CAD, n (%) | 824 (19.0 %) | 38 (7.3 %) | 786 (20.6 %) | <0.0001 | 16 (10.0 %) | 15 (9.7 %) | 7 (3.4 %) | 0.0217 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 151 (3.5 %) | 10 (1.9 %) | 141 (3.7 %) | 0.0384 | 4 (2.5 %) | 5 (3.2 %) | 1 (0.5 %) | 0.1393 |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 237 (5.5 %) | 6 (1.2 %) | 231 (6.0 %) | <0.0001 | 0 (0.0 %) | 3 (1.9 %) | 3 (1.5 %) | 0.2383 |
| Nephropathy, n (%) | 685 (15.8 %) | 48 (9.2 %) | 637 (16.7 %) | <0.0001 | 14 (8.8 %) | 17 (11.0 %) | 17 (8.3 %) | 0.6574 |
| Neuropathy, n (%) | 1194 (27.5 %) | 85 (16.3 %) | 1109 (29.0 %) | <0.0001 | 14 (8.8 %) | 22 (14.2 %) | 49 (23.8 %) | 0.0004 |
| Retinopathy, n (%) | 954 (22.0 %) | 78 (15.0 %) | 876 (22.9 %) | <0.0001 | 24 (15.0 %) | 24 (15.5 %) | 30 (14.6 %) | 0.9709 |
| Depression, n (%) | 370 (8.5 %) | 46 (8.8 %) | 324 (8.5 %) | 0.7899 | 4 (2.5 %) | 16 (10.3 %) | 26 (12.6 %) | 0.0024 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 2994 (69.0 %) | 335 (64.3 %) | 2659 (69.6 %) | 0.0140 | 112 (70.0 %) | 110 (71.0 %) | 113 (54.9 %) | 0.0013 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 2484 (57.2 %) | 259 (49.7 %) | 2225 (58.2 %) | 0.0002 | 81 (50.6 %) | 93 (60.0 %) | 85 (41.3 %) | 0.0019 |
| HbA1c, mean (SD) | 8.20 (2.47) | 8.40 (2.79) | 8.18 (2.28) | 0.0686 | 8.08 (2.05) | 8.34 (2.38) | 8.70 (3.55) | 0.1108 |
| HbA1c physician reported goal (SD) | 7.02 (0.77) | 7.10 (0.76) | 7.01 (0.73) | 0.011 | 7.17 (0.65) | 7.11 (0.89) | 7.04 (0.79) | 0.2917 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 29.58 (6.39) | 29.78 (5.64) | 29.55 (6.49) | 0.4437 | 31.24 (6.22) | 30.21 (5.46) | 28.32 (4.81) | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD) | 132.42 (16.83) | 132.94 (17.24) | 132.34 (16.72) | 0.4395 | 133.64 (13.69) | 135.49 (19.88) | 130.49 (17.54) | 0.0214 |
BMI body mass index, CAD coronary artery disease, LA = Latin America, MI myocardial infarction, SD standard deviation