Table 1.
Characteristics of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)–Infected Participants and Controls
| Characteristic | HIV-Infected Participants (n = 97) | Controls (n = 614) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at initial DXA, y | 40 (31–44) | 46 (38–54) | <.001 |
| Time between initial and final DXA, y | 7.6 (7.3–7.8) | 6.9 (6.5–7.3) | <.001 |
| Male sex | 86 | 87 | .62 |
| Race/ethnicity | <.001 | ||
| White, non-Hispanic | 47 | 35 | |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 34 | 33 | |
| Hispanic (regardless of race) | 14 | 31 | |
| Other | 5 | 1 | |
| BMIa | |||
| At initial DXA | 24 (22–27) | 28 (25–32) | <.001 |
| At final DXA | 27 (23–30) | 29 (26–33) | <.001 |
| Self-reported physical activity levelb | .07 | ||
| Low | 32 | 25 | |
| Moderate | 25 | 53 | |
| High | 43 | 22 | |
| Smokingb | <.001 | ||
| Current | 33 | 31 | |
| Past | 14 | 33 | |
| Never | 53 | 36 | |
| Alcohol consumptionb | .03 | ||
| 0 drinks/day | 23 | 49 | |
| <3 drinks/day | 74 | 36 | |
| ≥3 drinks/day | 3 | 14 | |
| Concomitant medicine increasing BMDc | |||
| At Initial DXA | 7 | 9 | .57 |
| At Final DXA | 18 | 22 | .35 |
| Concomitant medicine decreasing BMDd | |||
| At initial DXA | 14 | 13 | .75 |
| At final DXA | 26 | 6 | <.001 |
| HCV antibody positive | 6 | NDe | NA |
| CD4+ T-cell count, cells/µL | |||
| At initial DXA | 247 (130–333) | NA | NA |
| At final DXA | 598 (408–707) | ||
| HIV RNA level at initial DXA, log10 copies/mL | 4.6 (4.2–4.8) | NA | NA |
| HIV RNA level <200 copies/mL at final DXA | 86 | NA | NA |
| Cumulative TDF exposure, y | 5.8 (1.1–7.4) | NA | NA |
| Cumulative PI exposure, y | 3.7 (0–6.9) | NA | NA |
Data are median values (interquartile ranges) or percentage of participants.
Abbreviations: BMD, bone mineral density; DXA, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; HCV, hepatitis C virus; NA, not applicable; PI, protease inhibitor; TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
a Body mass index (BMI) is calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the height in meters squared.
b At final DXA (not available at initial DXA for HIV-infected participants).
c Defined as receipt of testosterone, calcium, vitamin D, hormone replacement, or parathyroid hormone.
d Defined as receipt of corticosteroids, hormonal contraceptives, hepatitis C medications, anticonvulsants, selective serotonin uptake inhibitors, or proton pump inhibitors.
e No data (ND) were recorded for controls.